Pola Pengundian Masyarakat Bajau Dalam Politik Sabah Dari Tahun 1963 Hingga 2004

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi sikap pengundi Bajau dan juga pola pengundian mereka dalam politik Sabah. Bagi menganalisis persoalan ini, tiga pendekatan teoritis berkenaan dengan perlakuan pengundi telah digunakan, iaitu pendekatan identifikasi parti, sosiologikal dan rasional. Data kajian diperolehi melalui dua sumber utama iaitu primer dan sekunder. Sumber primer diperolehi melalui temubual dengan pemimpin politik dan juga masyarakat Bajau di Sabah. Sumber sekunder pula diperolehi dari semakan ke atas data keputusan pilihan raya yang dikeluarkan oleh Suruhanjaya Pilihanraya Malaysia (SPR), data kependudukan dan data sosioekonomi Sabah selain daripada buku-buku yang berkaitan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan faktor pemilihan parti politik oleh kaum Bajau dalam pilihan raya dari tahun 1963 hingga 2004 adalah berkaitan dengan kepentingan etnik masyarakat Bajau. Kepentingan etnik ini dapat dilihat dalam konteks kepentingan agama Islam, kepentingan mereka berhubung dengan isu-isu politik semasa dan isu-isu lain yang mempengaruhi taraf sosioekonomi dan sosiopolitik seperti kemiskinan, pendidikan, ketidakadilan dan pembangunan. Oleh kerana USNO ditubuhkan bagi membela kepentingan masyarakat Bajau, khususnya kepentingan agama Islam, pembangunan sosioekonomi dan sosiopolitik masyarakat Islam di Sabah, maka USNO telah ditanggapi oleh masyarakat Bajau sebagai satu-satunya parti politik yang dapat membela kepentingan mereka. Seterusnya hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa faktor-faktor inilah yang menyebabkan majoriti masyarakat Bajau menyokong USNO dengan konsisten semenjak pilihan raya 1963, meskipun berlaku perpecahan undi kerana isu-isu dan perkembangan politik semasa. Sokongan yang konsisten dalarn pola pengundian masyarakat Bajau (kepada USNO, dan kemudiannya kepada UMNO) membuktikan bahawa perlakuan pengundi masyarakat Bajau bersifat statik. Oleh itu, meskipun wujud pelbagai isu dalam pilihan raya, sama ada pada peringkat supralokal dan nasional, ketaatsetiaan masyarakat Bajau kepada USNOIUMNO tidak berubah selagi isu-isu yang muncul itu tidak berupaya mengancam kepentingan etnik Bajau. Berdasarkan hujah ini, maka analisis akhir kajian ini adalah pola pengundian masyarakat Bajau adalah berasaskan identifikasi parti berbanding dengan pendekatan sosiologikal dan rasional

Keberkesanan mengkudu (morinda citrifolia) dan mikroorganisma efektif terhadap prestasi ayam pedaging bagi mencapai konteks perniagaan hijau dalam industri ternakan ayam di Malaysia

Kebimbangan terhadap produk ayam pedaging akibat penggunaan antibiotik telah mendorong satu penyelidikan bagi menghasilkan ayam bebas antibiotik. Penyelidikan ini adalah mengenai keberkesanan penggunaan kombinasi mikroorganisma efektif (EM) dan mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia) iaitu EMM, terhadap ayam pedaging. Objektif penyelidikan adalah mengkaji keberkesanan produk EMM terhadap kadar tumbesaran, kematian dan kesan penggunaannya dari aspek kos penternakan ayam. Terdapat 5 perlakuan : EMM50, EMM100, EMM200, EM dan Kawalan. Hasil kajian mendapati pertumbuhan ayam bagi kesemua perlakuan adalah positif. Berat ayam sampel pada hari ke 33 menjulat dari 1652.62±138.67g (EMM50) hingga 1708.26±133.70g (Kawalan), sementara bagi EMM100, EMM200 dan EM adalah 1605.29±128.84g, 1562.27±128.84g dan 1623.63±203.04g masing-masing. Perbandingan kadar tumbesaran melalui analisis t-berpasangan, menunjukkan pertumbuhan bagi kesemua perlakuan berbeza secara signifikan (p<0.05). Contohnya, perbandingan antara perlakuan EMM50 dengan Kawalan, nilai t=7.525; p<0.05. Perbezaan berat purata terkecil ialah antara EMM50 dengan Kawalan iaitu 55.63g. Perbezaan terbesar adalah antara EMM200 dengan Kawalan iaitu 145.90g. Bagi kadar kematian pula perlakuan EMM200 menunjukkan kematian tertinggi iaitu 14 ekor (9.3%) sedangkan Kawalan tiada kematian (0%). Bagi perlakuan EMM50, EMM100 dan EM mencatat jumlah kematian yang sama iaitu 10 ekor (6.67%) masing-masing. Mengambil kira faktor boleh ubah seperti kos antibiotik, EM dan EMM maka kos penternakan terendah pada hari ke 33 adalah bagi perlakuan EMM50 iaitu RM5.55 seekor berbanding Kawalan iaitu RM5.61, EM (RM5.68), EMM100 (RM5.91) dan EMM200 (RM6.62). Berdasarkan berat purata ayam dalam perlakuan Kawalan dan harga jualan lazim (RM3.80/kg) maka unjuran hasil jualan bagi ayam dalam kajian ini adalah RM6.49/seekor. Harga pasaran lazim bagi ayam organik ialah RM5.40/kg. Dengan perlakuan EMM50, EMM100, EMM20 dan EM, diandaikan ayam ini juga boleh dijual dengan harga ayam organik, yang mana unjuran hasil jualan dalam kajian ini menjulat dari RM8.44 (EMM200) hingga RM8.92 (EMM50). Manakala bagi EMM100, unjuran harga jualan ialah RM8.67; bagi EM, RM8.77 seekor. Produk EMM ini berupaya menghasilkan satu dimensi baru dalam industri penternakan iaitu produk penternakan hijau di Malaysia

Acceptance and usage of webcasting among users of selected cyber cafes in Klang Valley

The Malaysian public now has access to the Internet not only at home and the workplace, but also at cyber cafés. This study aims to examine the level of acceptance of webcasting among users of selected cyber cafés in the Klang Valley. The specific objectives of the study are: to determine the profile of webcasting users and its usage; to determine the types of webcasting technology most frequently used, level of knowledge of webcasting and the main source of knowledge in becoming aware of webcasting; to determine the acceptance of webcasting among non-users of webcasting; and to determine the relationship between behavioral intention to use and the actual usage of webcasting among users of webcasting. This study used the survey design, using purposive sampling to select the cyber cafés and visitors of these cafés. The findings indicate that usage of webcasting is still relatively low among users of selected cyber cafés in the Klang Valley. Users of webcasting were found to be mostly male, young and relatively well educated with at least a diploma as the highest level of education obtained

Kompetensi pegawai rundingcara dalam mengendalikan kaunseling perkahwinan di negeri Johor

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kompetensi Pegawai Rundingcara dalam Kaunseling Perkahwinan bagi menangani isu-isu perkahwinan pasangan Islam di negeri Johor. Kajian telah menggunakan rekabentuk kajian kualitatif dengan melibatkan kajian kes pelbagai. Kajian kes telah melibatkan enam orang Pegawai Rundingcara melalui sampel bertujuan daripada lima daerah di negeri Johor. Data kajian kes telah dikumpul melalui kaedah temu bual, pemerhatian dan analisis dokumen. Kesemua data kajian telah dianalisis menggunakan perisian N’Vivo 7.0. Data kualitatif yang diperolehi melalui kaedah temu bual, pemerhatian dan analisis dokumen telah ditriangulasi dan digunakan untuk memperoleh pola ketepuan data bagi menjawab semua empat persoalan utama yang dikaji. Hasil kajian menunjukkan Pegawai Rundingcara berada di tahap sederhana mengenai pengetahuan Kaunseling Perkahwinan serta memiliki tahap yang sederhana dalam kemahiran Kaunseling Perkahwinan. Pendekatan Agama pula merupakan pendekatan kaunseling yang menjadi amalan Pegawai Rundingcara ketika mengendalikan sesi Kaunseling Perkahwinan. Hasil kajian juga mendapati Pegawai Rundingcara lebih selesa memilih cara gaya personaliti sebagai Pegawai Agama bersesuaian dengan setting mereka bertugas. Dapatan kajian turut menunjukkan kelayakan ikhtisas Sarjana Bimbingan dan Kaunseling dapat membantu meningkatkan kompetensi Pegawai Rundingcara berhubung pengetahuan Kaunseling Perkahwinan, kemahiran Kaunseling Perkahwinan serta pendekatan kaunseling dalam peranan mereka untuk membantu pasangan yang mengalami konflik rumah tangga. Selanjutnya, hasil kajian juga mendapati status berkahwin Pegawai Rundingcara dapat meningkatkan kepercayaan klien terhadap perkhidmatan mereka. Satu modul khas mengenai panduan Kaunseling Perkahwinan yang bersesuaian dengan latar belakang masyarakat Islam di Malaysia dirasakan perlu bagi membantu meningkatkan kompetensi Pegawai Rundingcara dalam mengendalikan Kaunseling Perkahwinan

Direct Fermentation of Gelatinised Sago Starch to Solvent (Acetone Butanol-Ethanol) by Clostridium Acetobutylicum P262

Several approaches have been applied for the improvement of direct fermentation of sago starch to solvent by C. acetobutylicum. Optimization of medium based on gelatinised sago starch as a carbon source and kinetics of solvent-yielding batch fermentation of individual sugars and their mixture derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of sago starch were carried out using batch fermentation in Scoth bottle. Development of pH control strategy for improvement of solvent production was carried out in batch fermentation using 2 L stirred tank fermenter. The data gathered from batch fermentation were used for development of models to describe direct fermentation of sago starch to solvent. The 2 L and 0.5 L stirred tank fermenter were used to investigate the feasibility of using continuous culture (single stage and two stage) on the improvement of direct fermentation of sago starch to solvent. In all modes of fermentation investigated, the activities of enzymes relevant to solvent fermentation (crotonase, thiolase, phosphate butyryltransferase and β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase) were determined in order to find their relationship with acid and solvent production. The use of 30 g/L gelatinised sago starch as the sole carbon source produced 11.2 gIL total solvent i.e. 1.5-2 times higher than fermentation using pure maltose or glucose. Enzymatic pretreatment of gelatinised sago starch yielding maltose and glucose hydrolysate prior to the fermentation did not improve solvent production as compared to direct fermentation of gelatinised sago starch. The inefficiency of the amylolytic enzymes secreted during the fermentation in hydrolyzing starch to maltose and glucose is the main problem in direct fermentation of sago starch to solvent. The a-amylase and glucoamylase of C. acetobutylicum have different pH and temperature optima. The pH optima for a-amylase and glucoamylase were found to be at 5.3 and 4.0-4.4, respectively. a-amylase showed a broad pH stability profile, retaining more than 80% of its maximum activity at pH 3.0-8.0 after 24 h incubation at 37°C. However, glucoamylase was only stable at pH 4.0-5.0, maintaining more than 90% of its maximum activity after 24b incubation at 37°C. Production of solvent (11.0 g/L) in fermentation using 30 g/L sago starch was comparable to fermentation using corn starch and about two times higher than fermentation using potato and cassava starches. At the range of sago starch concentration investigated (10 to 80 g/L), the highest solvent production (18.8 g/L) was obtained at 50 g/L. A mixture of yeast extract and ammoniwn nitrate produced total solvent (18.8 g/L) of about 6 times higher than that produced by fermentation using yeast extract alone. The individual concentration of nitrogen and carbon influenced solvent production to a greater extent than carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Simple unstructured models employing Logistic and Leudeking-Piret equations were found sufficient to describe the growth of C. acetobutybcum and the production of acid and solvent. In fermentation without pH controL initial culture pH 6 gave the highest solvent production (14.13 g/L) with the overall productivity of 0.5 g/L/h. Growth of C. acetoburylicum, rate of starch hydrolysis and solvent production were greatly reduced in fermentation where pH was controlled at 4.5 during acidogenic phase. Excessive acid production (32 g/L) was obtained in fermentation where pH was controlled at 6.0 during the acidogenic phase which reduced solvent production significantly (7.1 g/L). In order to reduce acid accumulation, the fermentation where pH was allowed to decrease naturally by self-acidification during acidogenic phase was suggested. Solvent production was also reduced when pH during the solventogenic phase was controlled at 6.5. Substantial improvement of solvent production was achieved in fermentation where pH was not controlled during acidogenic phase (initial culture pH was 6) and then the pH was controlled at 5.5 during solventogenic phase. Using this pH control strategy, the overall productivity (0.79 g/L.h) was improved by 1.6 times as compared to fermentation without pH control, though the final solvent concentration (16.82 g/L) was about the same. The highest crotonase and phosphate butyryltransferase activity was observed in fermentation where pH was controlled at 5 during acidogenic phase, which was corresponded to fairly high acid production but low solvent production. On the other hand, specific activity of β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA was the highest at pH 5.5, which was corresponded to high acid and solvent production. In fermentation with controlled pH during solventogenic phase, the highest thiolase specific activity was obtained at pH 5.25, which was corresponded to the highest production of acetone. On the other hand, the highest specific activity of crotonase, β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase and phosphate butyryltransferase was observed at pH 5.5, and this was corresponded to the highest production of ethanol and butanol

Growth of Carbon Nanostructure Arrays on Nickel Electroplated Copper Substrate

Sejak penemuan karbon nanotiub (CNTs) pada tahun 1991 oleh Iijima, karbon nanostruktur (CNS) yang terdiri daripada karbon nanotiub(CNTs) dan karbon nanofiber (CNFs), telah mendapat perhatian dalam kalangan pengkaji berikutan ciriciri luar biasa bahan ini. Banyak aktiviti penyelidikan dan penemuan baru berkaitan dengan potensi CNS telah diterokai dari semasa ke semasa. Salah satu potensi CNS ialah boleh digunakan sebagai bahan antara dua muka haba (TIM) dan diaplikasi di dalam bahan elektronik berikutan CNS merupakan pengalir haba yang baik. Jadi, kajian penyelidikan ini memberi tumpuan kepada sintesis CNS yang bekualiti dan berketumpatan tinggi di atas platform pada suhu pertumbuhan yang rendah ke arah merealisasikan potensi CNS sebagai TIM pada masa akan datang. Bahagian pertama dalam kajian penyelidikan ini ialah penyediaan bahan penyebaran haba menggunakan kaedah elektropenyaduran sebelum pertumbuhan CNS. Kaedah elektropenyaduran digunakan untuk menyalut pemangkin logam aktif, nikel ke atas kuprum yang bertindak sebagai substrat kerana mengandungi nilai pengalir haba yang tinggi manakala nikel dipilih sebagai pemangkin kerana berupaya menumbuhkan CNS dengan kepadatan yang tinggi dan ia juga merupakan bahan anti karat. Dua parameter dikaji dalam bahagian ini iaitu ketumpatan arus (1-30 mA/cm2) dan tempoh masa penyaduran (10 min-60 min). Semua sampel dicirikan menggunakan Mikroskop Electron Imbasan (SEM), Tenaga Serakan Sinar-X (EDX), Pendarkilau Sinar-X (XRF) dan Mikroskop Daya Atom (AFM). Untuk bahagian kedua, pertumbuhan CNS menggunakan Pemangkin Kimia Pemendapan Wap (CCVD) di mana, gas asetilena telah digunakan sebagai pelopor karbon selain daripada metana. Tiga parameter telah dikaji dalam bahagian ini, suhu tindak balas (400 ℃ - 800 ℃), kadar pengaliran pelopor karbon (10-30 sccm) dan tempoh masa tindak balas (5 min-40 min). Semua CNS yang tumbuh dicirikan menggunakan SEM, Mikroskop Penghantaran Elektron (TEM), Analisis Permeteran Graviti Haba (TGA) dan Spektroskopi Raman. Daripada kedua-dua bahagian, tahap prestasi pemangkin nikel tersadur di atas substrat kuprum terhadap pertumbuhan CNS dengan ketumpatan dan kualiti tinggi adalah optimum di atas pemangkin kuprum terelektrosadur nikel yang mempunyai saiz bijian kecil, nipis, meliputi sepenuhnya dan keseragaman tinggi iaitu 1mA/cm2. Pertumbuhan terus CNS telah berjaya dilaksanakan ke atas pemangkin nikel tersadur pada suhu pertumbuhan yang rendah di mana keadaan CCVD adalah optimum dalam menghasilkan CNS yang berkualiti dan berketumpatan tinggi adalah pada suhu tindakbalas, 600 ℃, 40 minit masa tindakbalas dan 30 kepada 100 sccm kadar pengaliran asitilena kepada nitrogen. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Since the inventions of CNTs by Iijima in 1991, carbon nanostructure (CNS) in which consists of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) has great attentions among researchers due to the extraordinary properties of this material. A lot of research activities and new findings regarding the potentials of CNS were explored from time to time. One of the potential CNS is it can be used as thermal interface material (TIM) and applied in electronic devices due to high thermal conductivity of this material. Thus, this research is focusing on the synthesis of high quality and density of CNS directly on the platform at low growth temperature towards the potential of CNS for future application as TIM. The first part of this study was the preparation of the heat spreader by electroplating method prior to the growth CNS. Electroplating method was used to coat active metal catalyst, nickel to the copper as substrate and copper was selected as the substrate due to high thermal conductivity of this material whereas nickel is used as the metal due to the ability to grow higher density of CNS and corrosion resistant. Two parameters were studied in this part which was current density (1-30 mA/cm2) and plating time (10 min-60 min). The samples were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Atomic force Microscopy (AFM). For the second part of this study is the growth of CNS via Catalytic Chemical Vapour Deposition (CCVD) where acetylene was used carbon precursor instead of methane. Three parameters were studied for this part, reaction temperature (400 ℃ - 800 ℃), flow rate of acetylene (10-30 sccm) and reaction time (5-40 min). All CNS growth were characterized using SEM, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Raman Spectroscopy. From both part, the performance of nickel plated catalyst on the copper substrate towards the growth of high density and high quality CNS is optimum on nickel plated catalyst that contains smaller grain size, thin, fully covered and high uniformity which is 1 mA/cm2. A direct growth of CNS was successfully performed on nickel plated catalyst at low growth temperature where the optimum CCVD condition for the growth of high quality and high density of CNS was at reaction temperature of 600 ℃, 40 min reaction time and 30 to 100 sccm flowrate of acetylene to nitrogen

Hubungan antara tahap kompetensi dengan tahap prestasi kerja di kalangan pentadbir Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn (KUiTTHO)

This research is a case research in studying the connection of competency level with the administrator in Kolej University Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn (KUiTTHO). Research was done on 40 respondents which were identified playing an important role in giving the feedback. All the respondents are a public service officer from the management and professional group in KUiTTHO, Batu Pahat, Johor. Results from the research are gathered using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 13.0) software. Model for the Managers Competency and KUiTTHO Annual Assessment Report Form are the main components in the establishing the research framework. As for the independent variable, competencies are divided into four clusters which is personal management, group management, working management and collaborative management. While the dependent variable which is job performance is divided into three dimensions which are working result, knowledge and ability and personal quality. Throughout the research the result shows that the competency level and job performance level for the KUiTTHO administrator are at the highest level. Based on Pearson correlation analysis, research result shows that the positive relationship exists is at the average level. However, competency levels are still playing a huge role in increasing the level of the administrator job performance in KUiTTHO

Debentur dan pendaftaran cagaran: Adakah membentuk notis konstruktif?

Apabila syarikat mengeluarkan debentur untuk satu jaminan hutang, maka debentur itu akan didaftarkan di Pejabat Pendaftar Syarikat (ROC).Pendaftaran perlu dibuat mengikut tempoh yang ditetapkan oleh Akta Syarikat 1965 iaitu dalam masa 30 hari. Persoalan yang timbul ialah, adakah pendaftaran debenture di ROC akan membentuk satu notis konstruktif kepada pihak ketiga yang berurusan dengan syarikat berhutang dan juga pihak awam? Atau adakah ia merupakan urusan dalaman sesebuah syarikat berhutang yang mana urusan di dalam syarikat itu tidak perlu diketahui oleh mana-mana pihak yang tidak berkaitan. Kertas kerja ini akan membincangkan prinsip-prinsip am berkaitan debentur dan perbincangan secara spesifiknya akan bertumpu kepada dua persoalan utama di atas

The Effectiveness of Popular Songs for Developing Listening Skills of Form One Intermediate Level Students

This study aims at ascertaining the Form One listening skill through the use of popular songs as well as provide variety in classroom teaching and learning. This study also tries to determine students' perception of the use of popular songs in the classroom. The result shows that more than 80% of the respondents in Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Taman Sri Muda Shah Alam agree that popular songs can aid in developing listening skills among students

The Isolation Of Kojic Acid Producing Fungi And The Optimization Of Kojic Acid Production

A local strain of fungus, which was found to be a high kojic acid producer has been isolated from Morning glory flower (Bixa orellana) using glucose-peptone medium. The pure strain was obtained through several steps of monospore isolation procedures using spread plate technique and identified by International Mycological Institute as Aspergillus flavus Link.Optimization of medium composition and cultural conditions for kojic acid production by this fungus were carried out in shake flask. The development of dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) control strategies aimed at improving kojic acid production by this strain was carried out using 1.5 L stirred tank reactor with automatic pH and DOT control systems. Initial culture pH 3 was found to POLO be optimum for kojic acid production. This strain was able to grow and produce kojic acid in various carbon sources such as glucose, starch, sucrose and xylose. However, the highest production of kojic acid was obtained at 100 g/L (w/v) glucose. In addition, 5 g/L of yeast-extract was found to be the best nitrogen source for fungal growth and enhancement of kojic acid production. Addition of 4% (v/v) of methanol to glucose yeast-extract medium increased kojic acid production by two times. The optimized medium for kojic acid production for this strain was proposed and the medium consisted of 100 g/L glucose, 1.0 g/L KH2PO4,0.5 g/L MgSO4. 7H20, 5.0 g/L yeast-extract and 4% methanol. Using this optimal medium the maximum kojic acid production in batch fermentation using shake flask was 39 g/L. This fermentation gave yield and productivity of 0.04 g/g and 0.07 g/L/h, respectively and is comparable to that reported in the literature for industrial strain. The DOT control strategy for the improvement of the kojic acid production by this strain was also developed. By controlling DOT at 80% saturation during growth phase and then switched to 30% saturation during production phase, increased the production of kojic acid by about two times as compared to uncontrol fermentation in the stirred tank fermenter which only produced maximum concentration of kojic acid of 15 g/L.. The effect of the addition of yeast-extract during the fermentation was also investigated using a constant fed-batch culture. The addition of 15 g/L yeast-extract at constant flow rate of 3.2 ml/h during the production phase caused excessive mycelial growth and decreased kojic acid production