17,642 research outputs found
Collective proceedings for damages in UK Competition Law. Case comment to the judgment Merricks v Mastercard [2019] EWCA Civ 674
Merricks v Mastercard [2019] is the first action under the newly developed ‘opt-out’ collective proceedings regime for aggregate damages under UK competition law to be considered by the UK Court of Appeal. It is significant for both the level of damages (£14 billion (€16 billion)) and the clarification of the legal test at the certification stage for the suitability for an aggregate award: the method for calculation of the aggregate damages and the sufficiency of evidence. The Court’s lowering of these thresholds importantly opens the door to future class actions and reasserts the importance of collective proceedings as a valuable means of redress for competition law infringements. The decision has now been appealed to the UK Supreme Court where these issues may be further clarified and resolved
Scale factor gage for fiber optics inspection device
Flexible wire device, fastened along outside of fiber bundle from viewing portion to tip, positions calibrated adjustable gage in field of view. Scale factor is determined from known magnification characteristics of fiber optics system or from graduations on gage tip
Quick release acoustic sensor holding fixture
Quick-release spring holder secures acoustic sensor to test material surface eliminating adhesive bonding to test material and achieving acoustic emission evaluation from tensile tests. Reusability of sensors reduces test cost
Reverse Shock Emission as a Probe of GRB Ejecta
We calculate the reverse shock (RS) synchrotron emission in the optical and
the radio wavelength bands from electron-positron pair enriched gamma-ray burst
ejecta with the goal of determining the pair content of GRBs using early time
observations. We take into account an extensive number of physical effects that
influence radiation from the reverse-shock heated GRB ejecta. We find that
optical/IR flux depends very weakly on the number of pairs in the ejecta, and
there is no unique signature of ejecta pair enrichment if observations are
confined to a single wavelength band. It may be possible to determine if the
number of pairs per proton in the ejecta is > 100 by using observations in
optical and radio bands; the ratio of flux in the optical and radio at the peak
of each respective reverse-shock light curve is dependent on the number of
pairs per proton. We also find that over a large parameter space, RS emission
is expected to be very weak; GRB 990123 seems to have been an exceptional burst
in that only a very small fraction of the parameter space produces optical
flashes this bright. Also, it is often the case that the optical flux from the
forward shock is brighter than the reverse shock flux at deceleration. This
could be another possible reason for the paucity of prompt optical flashes with
a rapidly declining light curve at early times as was seen in 990123 and
021211. Some of these results are a generalization of similar results reported
in Nakar & Piran (2004).Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, accepted to MNRA
Finite-time singularity formation at a magnetic neutral line in Hall magnetohydrodynamics
The formation of a current sheet in a weakly collisional plasma can be modelled as a finite-time singularity solution of magnetohydrodynamic equations. We use an exact self-similar solution to confirm and generalise a previous finding that, in sharp contrast to two-dimensional solutions in standard MHD, a finite-time collapse to a current sheet can occur in Hall MHD. We derive a criterion for the finite-time singularity in terms of initial conditions, and we use an intermediate asymptotic solution for the evolution of an axial magnetic field to obtain a general expression for the singularity formation time. We illustrate the analytical results by numerical solutions
GRBlog: A Database for Gamma-Ray Bursts
GRBlog is an on-line database providing researchers with quick access to all
information reported in the GCN Circulars. Users of the GRBlog web site
(grad40.as.utexas.edu/grblog.php) can search the circulars and produce
afterglow light curve plots, or compile data tables. The site also offers
advanced search capabilities to aide in statistical studies or comparative
research. Most of the GCNs have already been entered into the GRBlog database,
with the remainder to follow shortly.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures. Proceedings for the 2003 GRB Conference (Santa
Fe, NM, 2003 Sep 8-12
Effects of fiber/matrix interactions on the properties of graphite/epoxy composites
A state-of-the-art literature review of the interactions between fibers and resin within graphite epoxy composite materials was performed. Emphasis centered on: adhesion theory; wetting characteristics of carbon fiber; load transfer mechanisms; methods to evaluate and measure interfacial bond strengths; environmental influence at the interface; and the effect of the interface/interphase on composite performance, with particular attention to impact toughness. In conjunction with the literature review, efforts were made to design experiments to study the wetting behavior of carbon fibers with various finish variants and their effect on adhesion joint strength. The properties of composites with various fiber finishes were measured and compared to the base-line properties of a control. It was shown that by tailoring the interphase properties, a 30% increase in impact toughness was achieved without loss of mechanical properties at both room and elevated temperatures
Quantitative imaging of the collective cell movements shaping an embryo
The recent development of imaging and image processing techniques, such as 4D microscopy and 3D cell tracking, enables analysis through quantification of the movement of large cell populations in vivo. These imaging approaches provide an opportunity to study embryonic morphogenesis during development from the level of cellular processes to the scale of entire organism. Image analysis reveals cell collective behaviors that shape an embryo and offers some surprising insights into the cell-cell interactions involved in concerted movements. We illustrate the power of this approach by studying the early development of Drosophila embryos
Image data processing system requirements study. Volume 2: Appendixes
Supporting information for the ERS loading study contains computer simulation loading output including printout description, and similar output representing data that include night station contacts
Image data processing system requirements study. Volume 1: Analysis
Digital image processing, image recorders, high-density digital data recorders, and data system element processing for use in an Earth Resources Survey image data processing system are studied. Loading to various ERS systems is also estimated by simulation
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