612 research outputs found
Comparing the effect of CTG+STan with CTG alone on emergency Cesarean section rate : STan Australian Randomized controlled Trial (START)
The authors would like to thank the women and their babies for participating. We would like to thank all the staff at the WCH, in particular Priya Umampathysivam, Denise Cheetham and Cecilia Heitmann for their assistance in recruitment of participants for START. We would also like to thank the members of the DSMC, Diogo Ayres-de-Campos, Scott Morris and Katherine Lee, for their oversight of START and the Clinical Information Service (CIS) team at the WCH for the comparative hospital dataPeer reviewedPublisher PD
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Effects of keels on ice bottom turbulence exchange
The effects of ice keels on the upper ocean are examined using a combination of
turbulence measurements and output from a large-eddy simulation (LES) model. Two
cases are examined, one during the winter when the under-ice boundary layer is relatively
deep (~20 m) and near the freezing point and a second during the summer when the ice is
melting and the boundary layer consists of a shallow (~0.5 m), highly stratified fresh
layer. In the winter case, measurements show that flow disruption by a 10-m-deep keel
causes enhanced vertical mixing, increasing the heat flux from a background value of
~5 W m^(-2) to values averaging ~25 W m^(-2). Simulations using the LES model are in good
agreement with the measurements and indicate that the keel generates a turbulent wake
region extending hundreds of meters downstream from the keel. Elevated heat fluxes
in the wake region are generated by increased entrainment of warmer water from beneath
the mixed layer. Simulations of summer cases demonstrate that shallow keels (~0.5 m)
generate strong turbulence that is able to rapidly mix the fresh layer in the lee of keels.
However, this effect decreases quickly as the fresh layer accelerates to match the ice
velocity. Deeper keels (1 m) follow a similar pattern but generate more mixing as the fresh
layer is forced under the keel. Simulated ice melt heat fluxes are similar to estimates
made from ice balance measurements taken during the Surface Heat Budget of the
Arctic Ocean summer field program
Challenging the 'New Professionalism': from managerialism to pedagogy?
In recent years there have been changes made to the conceptualisation of continuing professional development for teachers in both the Scottish and English systems of education. These changes have been instigated by successive UK governments (and more recently, by the Scottish Executive), together with the General teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS) and the General Teaching Council for England (GTCE). This paper argues that these changes have not provided a clear rationale for CPD, but instead have introduced tensions between the concept of teacher education and that of training. The need for a less confused understanding of CPD and its purposes is underlined, as is the need for school based approaches to continuing teacher education. Arguably, teacher education must move from technicist emphases to a model which integrates the social processes of change within society and schools with the individual development and empowerment of teachers
Observations and Modelling of Relativistic Spin Precession in PSR J1141-6545
Observations of the binary pulsar PSR J1141-6545 using the Parkes radio
telescope over 9.3 years show clear time-variations in pulse width, shape and
polarization. We interpret these variations in terms of relativistic precession
of the pulsar spin axis about the total angular momentum vector of the system.
Over the nine years, the pulse width at the 50% level has changed by more than
a factor of three. Large variations have also been observed in the 1400-MHz
mean flux density. The pulse polarization has been monitored since 2004 April
using digital filterbank systems and also shows large and systematic variations
in both linear and circular polarization. Position angle variations, both
across the pulse profile and over the data span, are complex, with major
differences between the central and outer parts of the pulse profile. Modelling
of the observed position angle variations by relativistic precession of the
pulsar spin axis shows that the spin-orbit misalignment angle is about 110 deg
and that the precessional phase has passed through 180 deg during the course of
our observations. At the start of our observations, the line-of-sight impact
parameter was about 4 deg in magnitude and it reached a minimum very close to 0
deg around early 2007, consistent with the observed pulse width variations. We
have therefore mapped approximately one half of the emission beam, showing that
it is very asymmetric with respect to the magnetic axis. The derived
precessional parameters imply that the pre-supernova star had a mass of about 2
Msun and that the supernova recoil kick velocity was relatively small. With the
reversal in the rate of change of the impact parameter, we predict that over
the next decade we will see a reversed "replay" of the variations observed in
the past decade.Comment: 45 pages, 19 figures, 6 tables, accepted by Astrophysical Journa
Interdependent Infrastructure as Linked Social, Ecological, and Technological Systems (SETSs) to Address Lock‐in and Enhance Resilience
Traditional infrastructure adaptation to extreme weather events (and now climate change) has typically been techno‐centric and heavily grounded in robustness—the capacity to prevent or minimize disruptions via a risk‐based approach that emphasizes control, armoring, and strengthening (e.g., raising the height of levees). However, climate and nonclimate challenges facing infrastructure are not purely technological. Ecological and social systems also warrant consideration to manage issues of overconfidence, inflexibility, interdependence, and resource utilization—among others. As a result, techno‐centric adaptation strategies can result in unwanted tradeoffs, unintended consequences, and underaddressed vulnerabilities. Techno‐centric strategies that lock‐in today\u27s infrastructure systems to vulnerable future design, management, and regulatory practices may be particularly problematic by exacerbating these ecological and social issues rather than ameliorating them. Given these challenges, we develop a conceptual model and infrastructure adaptation case studies to argue the following: (1) infrastructure systems are not simply technological and should be understood as complex and interconnected social, ecological, and technological systems (SETSs); (2) infrastructure challenges, like lock‐in, stem from SETS interactions that are often overlooked and underappreciated; (3) framing infrastructure with a SETS lens can help identify and prevent maladaptive issues like lock‐in; and (4) a SETS lens can also highlight effective infrastructure adaptation strategies that may not traditionally be considered. Ultimately, we find that treating infrastructure as SETS shows promise for increasing the adaptive capacity of infrastructure systems by highlighting how lock‐in and vulnerabilities evolve and how multidisciplinary strategies can be deployed to address these challenges by broadening the options for adaptation
Effect of near-terminus subglacial hydrology on tidewater glacier submarine melt rates
Submarine melting of Greenlandic tidewater glacier termini is proposed as a possiblemechanism driving their recent thinning and retreat. We use a general circulation model, MITgcm, tosimulate water circulation driven by subglacial discharge at the terminus of an idealized tidewater glacier.We vary the spatial distribution of subglacial discharge emerging at the grounding line of the glacier andexamine the effect on submarine melt volume and distribution. We find that subglacial hydrology exerts animportant control on submarine melting; under certain conditions a distributed system can induce a factor5 more melt than a channelized system, with plumes from a single channel inducing melt over only alocalized area. Subglacial hydrology also controls the spatial distribution of melt, which has the potential tocontrol terminus morphology and calving style. Our results highlight the need to constrain near-terminussubglacial hydrology at tidewater glaciers if we are to represent ocean forcing accurately
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