Admission to psychiatric hospital for mental illnesses 2 years prechildbirth and postchildbirth in Scotland: a health informatics approach to assessing mother and child outcomes

Objective: To identify factors associated with: admission to a specialist mother and baby unit (MBU) and the impact of perinatal mental illness on early childhood development using a data linkage approach in the 2 years prechildbirth and postchildbirth. Methods: Scottish maternity records (SMR02) were linked to psychiatric hospital admissions (SMR04). 3290 pregnancy-related psychiatric admissions for 1730 women were assessed. To investigate factors associated with MBU admission, the group of mothers admitted to an MBU were compared with those admitted to general psychiatric wards. To assess the impact of perinatal mental illness on early child development, a pragmatic indicator for ‘at potential risk of adversity’, defined as a child who was recorded as requiring intensive treatment at any time under the health plan indicators (HPI) and/or who had no record of completing three doses of the 5-in-1 vaccine by 12 months was generated. Logistic regression models were used to describe the association between each variable and the risk of admission between those with a history of prior psychiatric admission and those without. Results Women admitted to an MBU were significantly more likely to be admitted with non-affective psychosis (OR=1.97, 95% CI 1.22 to 3.18), affective psychosis (OR=2.44, 95% CI 1.37 to 4.33) and non-psychotic depressive episodes (OR=1.93, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.63). They were less likely to come from deprived areas (OR=0.68 95% CI 0.49 to 0.93). Women with a previous history of psychiatric admission were significantly more likely to be located in the two most deprived quintiles. Almost one-third (29%) of children born to mothers with a pregnancy-related psychiatric admission were assessed as ‘at potential risk of adversity.’ Conclusions: A health informatics approach has potential for improving understanding of social and clinical factors, which contribute to the outcomes of perinatal mental illness, as well as potential adverse developmental outcomes for offspring

The mineral association in manganese ores, with particular reference to the phosphorus-bearing minerals and their removal by leaching methods

The United States Bureau of Mines Experimental Station at Rolla has recently been conducting an intensive investigation of the amenability of Arkansas red ores to enrichment by standard ore dressing methods. These Arkansas ores are low grade with the estimated reserves running into several million tons. They can be concentrated to meet all Grade B ferromanganese specifications - with the exception of that of the phosphorus content, but in all cases the phosphorus is so high as to make the ore worthless under present conditions. This condition suggested the problem of trying to discover a method by which the phosphorus could be eliminated, which in turn called for a positive identification of the phosphorus-bearing compounds. The thesis as finally adopted chose the following lines of pursuit: 1. A study of standard known manganese and phosphorus minerals was to be made in order to become familiar with their properties. 2. The data obtained from this study was to be applied to the study of actual manganese ores, especially those from the Batesville District in Arkansas. 3. On the completion of the identification work, if the chemical composition and interlocking of the phosphorus-containing mineral would permit either a mechanical or chemical separation from the manganese minerals, the development of a practical method of eliminating the phosphorus would be undertaken --Introduction, page 5

Civil Procedure and Evidence

Civil Procedure and Evidenc

Attitudes of Japanese Ski Tour Operators Toward Western U.S. Ski Resorts

The study was designed to provide important information about the Japanese ski market to U.S. ski resort marketers. One hundred-forty tour operating professionals responded to the survey. The perceived promotional activity level of Japanese tour operating companies toward U.S. ski destinations was found to be neither active nor inactive. The level of knowledge Japanese tour operating professionals have of U.S. ski resorts was found to be limited. There was a significant relationship between how they perceived their companies\u27 promotion activity level toward U.S. ski tour packages and how well the same professionals knew these ski destinations. There was also a significant relationship between how knowledgeable Japanese tour operating professionals were about U.S. ski resorts and how favorably they would promote the same resorts. The implication was made that knowing the attitude of Japanese ski tour operators toward promoting U.S. ski tour packages and familiarizing them to U.S. ski resorts would be the initial step for U.S. ski resorts to position themselves in this market place. The image Japanese tour operating professionals have of U.S. ski resorts and perceived promotional factors affecting their promotional activity level were also examined

Lodges, Resorts and State Park Systems

State park lodge and resort systems are a small and important component of the travel and tourism industry. Over the last 30 years the state park lodge system has matured into a resort system centered in the central and east central part of the United States. Kentucky is the most intensive state resort system with 17 resorts and located in what is called State Resort Parks. Resort revenues, while a small portion of most state park revenues, accounted for $49 million in 2001. Resorts are managed in one of three ways: state management, local contract management, or contract management with a national hospitality service firm. Resorts are seen as an attractive value-added part of the state park experience and as such will continue to be an important component of state parks. Within the travel and tourism industry the presence of lodges is a term frequently reserved for more rustic settings. Certainly Yellowstone Lodge conjures up the presence of geysers, wildlife, and wilderness. Lodges are a part of the National Park System and have long represented important gathering points for domestic and international travelers. Lodges within state park systems, by contrast, have experienced considerably less exposure to the general public. Some few lodges such as Stone Mountain in Georgia and Custer State Park located in South Dakota have evoked similar aura as those of the National Parks. Most state park lodges, however, operate in relative anonymity. This paper reports the status of state park lodge and resort systems. State park resort systems have been a part of state park systems and travel and tourism operations for an extended period of time, but in the last 30 years the system has expanded and evolved. Because knowledge of state park resort systems is limited there is a need to increase awareness

Of Crabbed Interpretations and Frustrated Mandates: The Effect of Environmental Policy Acts on Pre-existing Agency Authority

When Congress passed the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) in 1969, the legislation was acclaimed as one of the most important environmental measures ever enacted. States soon followed the federal lead, so that by 1976 thirty jurisdictions had adopted statutes similar to the national legislation. The Montana legislature was in the vanguard, passing the Montana Environmental Policy Act (MEPA) in 1971. The federal agencies now appear to have accepted full responsibility for implementation of NEPA, despite some initial reluctance. Several agencies contended at first that the statute did not authorize them to consider in decisionmaking any environmental factors not expressly provided for in the substantive legislation pursuant to which the agency was acting. That interpretation never achieved widespread recognition, much less acceptance, in the federal bureaucracy and was summarily dismissed by the judiciary. Agencies never raise the issue today, and courts simply assume that it has been settled. Despite the prompt and thorough demise of the notion in the national arena, the theory continues to be espoused in some states. Courts in few jurisdictions have addressed the question, but most have rejected the narrow interpretation of the effect that environmental policy acts have on agency decisionmaking. Montana, however, has been the exception. In 1976, the supreme court of the state appeared to endorse the doctrine; the Montana agencies immediately embraced the court\u27s ruling and extended it. This article is a critical analysis of the Montana interpretations, in light of analogous federal and state law and the Montana Constitution; it yields the conclusion that the views articulated are simply incorrect as a matter of law and policy

Designing for the Student: Users\u27 Styles and Department Web Sites

Researchers have recognized that students rely on different learning styles and strategies to succeed, and the importance of recognizing different learning styles is well documented (e.g., Cassidy 2004; Vermunt 1994; Bransford et al. 1989; Kolb 1985). The same is true of how students use technological resources; it has become increasingly clear that there is no one-size-fits-all solution for all students. While a great deal has been written on these topics, the literature addressing such differences has focused primarily on course content (Fahy and Ally 2005; Lee et al. 2005; Ross and Lukow 2004; Baldwin and Sabry 2003; Brown, Bull, and Pendlebury 1997). There remains a dearth of research about the ancillary aspects of the education experience and about the uses of technologies not directly related to content but which students nonetheless incorporate into their overall learning and communication strategies. In this vein, academic department Web pages are important resources for students in higher education. These sites provide students with contact information for faculty members, sometimes including direct links to faculty members\u27 home and course pages; information about class offerings and frequency; and data about the major, internships, external experiences, job placement, and the like. For some students, the department Web site becomes a support for academic advising and could be considered, in the broadest sense, a source for answers to frequently asked questions. Although academic department Web pages play an important role in communicating with students, little research has been done to determine what kinds of information current students value on department Web pages. In this study, we examine how students value information commonly placed on department Web pages and suggest that just as in learning, different users have different information needs

Of Crabbed Interpretations and Frustrated Mandates: The Effect of the Environmental Policy Acts on Pre-Existing Agency Authority

The Environmental Policy Act

European integration and the social science of EU studies: the disciplinary politics of a subfield

This article takes the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome as an opportunity to reflect upon half a century of academic discourse about the EU and its antecedents. In particular, it illuminates the theoretical analysis of European integration that has developed within political science and international studies broadly defined. It asks whether it is appropriate to map, as might be tempting, the intellectual 'progress' of the field of study against the empirical evolution of its object (European integration/the EU). The argument to be presented here is that while we can, to some extent, comprehend the evolution of academic thinking about the EU as a reflex to critical shifts in the 'real world' of European integration ('externalist' drivers), it is also necessary to understand 'internalist' drivers of theoretical discourse on European integration/the EU. The article contemplates two such 'internalist' components that have shaped and continue to shape the course of EU studies: scholarly contingency (the fact that scholarship does not proceed with free agency, but is bound by various conditions) and disciplinary politics (the idea that the course of academic work is governed by power games and that there are likely significant disagreements about best practice and progress in a field). In terms of EU studies, the thrust of disciplinary politics tends towards an opposition between 'mainstreaming' and 'pluralist versions' of the political science of EU studies. The final section explores how, in the face of emerging monistic claims about propriety in the field, an effective pluralist political science of the EU might be enhanced