ACTIVE THERMAL CONTROL FOR POWER MEMS

Abstract: Recent work devoted to the development of active MEMS thermal switches is profiled. The work has focused on two requirements for an active MEMS thermal switch: actuation and thermal contacts. First, measurements of thermal contact resistance for liquid contacts are presented. Thermal switch contacts based on liquid Hg microdroplets are shown to achieve thermal resistances less than 1 mm 2 o C/W. Second, measurements of actuation via electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) of a dielectric liquid are compared to a simple theory. Electrowetting of deionized water droplets is shown to actuate the droplets at velocities up to 2 mm/s

Common law marriage and couple formation

The Current Population Survey is used to investigate effects of Common Law Marriage (CLM) on whether young US-born adults live in couples in the U.S. CLM effects are identified through cross-state and time variation, as some states abolished CLM over the period examined. Analysis based on Gary Becker's marriage economics helps explain why CLM affects couple formation and does so differently depending on education, sex ratios and parent status. CLM reduces in-couple residence, and more so for childless whites and where there are fewer men per woman. Effects are larger for college-educated men and women without college

Conflito trabalho-família, auto eficácia parental e estilos parentais percebidos em pais e mães da cidade de Talca no Chile

The relationship between levels of work-family conflict, parental self-efficacy and perceived parenting styles in a group of 43 school children and both working parents is analyzed, controlling for socio-demographic variables. Also, gender differences are identified in the variables and the relationship between them in relation to the number of children. Three instruments were applied to the sample for measuring the referred variables. A significant and negative relationship is observed between levels of work-family conflict and parental self-efficacy (r = -0.484, P <0.001). The authoritarian parenting style has greater association with self-efficacy (r = 0.301, P = 0.005). A significant and negative relationship between self-efficacy and number of children (r = -0.257, P = 0.017) is reported. Finally, it is concluded that women have greater work-family conflict than men.Se analiza la relación existente entre los niveles de conflicto trabajo-familia, autoeficacia parental y estilos parentales percibidos en un grupo de 43 niños estudiantes y ambos padres trabajadores, controlando las variables sociodemográficas. Así mismo, se identifican las diferencias por género en las variables, y la relación que existe entre ellas con respecto al número de hijos. A la muestra le fueron aplicados tres instrumentos de medición de las variables referidas. Se observa una relación significativa y negativa entre los niveles de conflicto trabajo-familia y la autoeficacia parental (r= -0,484; p<0,001). El estilo parental autoritario presenta mayor asociación con autoeficacia (r=0,301; p=0,005). Se reporta una relación significativa y negativa entre autoeficacia y número de hijos (r=-0,257; p=0,017). Finalmente se reporta que las mujeres presentan mayor conflicto trabajo-familia que los hombres.Analisa-se a relação existente entre os níveis de conflito trabalho-família, auto eficácia parental e estilos parentais percebidos em um grupo de 43 crianças estudantes de pais trabalhadores, controlando as variáveis sociodemográficas. Assim mesmo, identificam-se as diferenças por gênero nas variáveis, e a relação que existe entre elas com respeito ao número de filhos. Foram aplicados à mostra três instrumentos de medição das variáveis referidas. Observa-se uma relação significativa e negativa entre os níveis de conflito trabalho-família e a auto eficácia parental (r= -0,484; p<0,001). O estilo parental autoritário apresenta maior associação com autoeficácia (r=0,301; p=0,005). Reporta-se uma relação significativa e negativa entre autoeficácia e número de filhos (r=-0,257; p=0,017). Finalmente reporta-se que as mulheres apresentam maior conflito trabalho-família que os homens

Racial and ethnic differences in general health status and limiting health conditions among American children: parental reports in the 1999 National Survey of America's Families

Working PaperObjectives: This research investigates the association between race/ethnicity and child health and examines the role of family structure, family SES, and healthcare factors in this association. Five major racial/ethnic groups in the United States are studied. Two child health outcomes including parent-rated health and limiting health condition are examined. The analysis is stratified into three age groups: age 0 to 5, age 6 to 11, and age 12 to 17. Design: Cross-sectional study using data from a large nationally representative sample collected in 1999 in the United States. Results: For general health, older age groups tend to exhibit larger racial/ethnic disparities. With few exceptions, minority groups showed higher risk of poor health relative to Whites among children age 6 to 17. In the youngest group (age 0 to 5), only Latinos have significant health disadvantage. As to limiting health condition, black children prior to adolescence are slightly disadvantaged, Native American adolescents are significantly more likely to have limiting conditions, whereas Asian adolescents are better off than Whites. Family SES explains some black, Latino, and Native American effects but not all; and SES does not explain the Asian effects. Family structure and healthcare factors generally do not contribute much to the racial/ethnic differences but they can have significant effects on child health in their own right. We also find that economic resources play a more salient role in child health than parental education especially in younger children. And healthcare factors to some extent explain why children from higher SES family fare better. Conclusion: Racial/ethnic disparities in health start early in life. Except for Asians, class explains a substantial amount but not all of these disparities. Healthcare factors play a prominent role in explaining disparities by class. Structural solution is needed to reduce disparities by race and ethnicity particularly in younger children

Education, Personality and Separation: The Distribution of Relationship Skills Across Society

The reasons why the lower educated divorce more than the higher educated in many societies today are poorly understood. Distinct divorce risks by education could be caused by variation in pressures to the couple, commitment, or relationship skills. We concentrate on the latter explanation by looking at the distribution of personality traits across society and its impact on the educational gradient in divorce in Germany. Using data on married couples from the German Socio Economic Panel (N = 9 417) we first estimate the effect of several personality traits on divorce: the tendency to forgive, negative reciprocity, positive reciprocity, and the Big Five. We also account for and find non-linear effects of several personality traits on divorce risk, which is relevant for future research on the effects of personality. In addition, effects differ by level of education. We find personality traits that affect divorce risk to be unevenly distributed over educational groups, but contrary to expectation to favor the lower educated. Once taking into account personality the educational gradient in divorce becomes more negative. This is due to especially high scores on openness to experience for the higher educated, which is a very significant predictor of divorce risk. Overall, we find no support for the hypothesis that the lower educated have less relationship skills in Germany

Dual-Earner Family Policies at Work for Single-Parent Families

Family dynamics are changing and single-parent families are becoming more common across countries. In their flagship report “Progress of the World’s Women, 2019–2020,” UN Women (2019) demonstrated that, contrary to popular belief, couples with children do not constitute a majority of all families, but rather there are many different types of families. Single parenthood is considered a “new social risk” in poverty and inequality (Bonoli, 2013). Therefore, policy makers and legislators have designed targeted policy specifically for single parents, such as targeted child benefits to single parents. In addition, legislation and social policy have been designed and implemented specifically for single parents, such as child support and family law such as child custody and shared residence. This study takes a different approach, based on the universalist argument that without adequate social protection that benefits all families, those families that are more vulnerable are often hit the hardest. We focus on family policies, and specifically we examine whether and to what extent single parents benefit from the same family policies that are available to all families with children

Ethnic Differences in Leaving Home: Timing and Pathways

The dynamics of leaving home for youth from migrant families in the Netherlands are examined using individual administrative data on the 1977 and 1983 birth cohorts for the period 1999–2004. A competing-risks approach is applied to distinguish leaving home for union formation, to live independently, and to share with others. Migrant youth, and particularly Turkish and Moroccan youth, leave home at a significantly younger age than Dutch youth, given the relevant background variables. This is remarkable, given the older ages at which young people in the origin countries leave the parental home. The result may be seen as evidence of how the potential effects of cultural norms are counter-affected by other factors, such as the facilities of the welfare state and the awkward position of migrant youth between two cultures. Considering the pathways out of home, the analysis largely confirms the expected pattern: Turkish and Moroccan youth leave home more often for union formation and particularly marriage, while this pathway is of minor importance for Dutch youth at early ages

“Swapping” Families: Serial Parenting and Economic Support for Children

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71408/1/j.1741-3737.2000.00111.x.pd