547 research outputs found
Lost Directions: U.S. Foreign Assistance Policy Since New Directions
International Development,
Impaired self awareness after traumatic brain injury: inter-rater reliability and factor structure of the dysexecutive questionnairre (DEX) in patients, significant others and clinicians
Aims: This study sought to address two questions: (1) what is the inter-rater reliability
of the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX) when completed by patients, their significant
others, and clinicians; and (2) does the factor structure of the DEX vary for these three
groups?
Methods: We obtained DEX ratings for 113 patients with an acquired brain injury from
two brain injury services in the UK and two services in Ireland. We gathered data from
two groups of ratersââsignificant othersâ (DEX-SO) such as partners and close family
members and âcliniciansâ (DEX-C), who were psychologists or rehabilitation physicians
working closely with the patient and who were able to provide an opinion about the
patientâs level of everyday executive functioning. Intra-class correlation coefficients and
their 95% confidence intervals were calculated between each of the three groups (self,
significant other, clinician). Principal axis factor (PAF) analyses were also conducted for
each of the three groups.
Results: The factor analysis revealed a consistent one-factor model for each of the
three groups of raters. However, the inter-rater reliability analyses showed a low level of
agreement between the self-ratings and the ratings of the two groups of independent
raters. We also found low agreement between the significant others and the clinicians.
Conclusion: Although there was a consistent finding of a single factor solution for each
of the three groups, the low level of agreement between significant others and clinicians
raises a question about the reliability of the DEX.</p
Impaired self awareness after traumatic brain injury: inter-rater reliability and factor structure of the dysexecutive questionnairre (DEX) in patients, significant others and clinicians
Aims: This study sought to address two questions: (1) what is the inter-rater reliability
of the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX) when completed by patients, their significant
others, and clinicians; and (2) does the factor structure of the DEX vary for these three
groups?
Methods: We obtained DEX ratings for 113 patients with an acquired brain injury from
two brain injury services in the UK and two services in Ireland. We gathered data from
two groups of ratersââsignificant othersâ (DEX-SO) such as partners and close family
members and âcliniciansâ (DEX-C), who were psychologists or rehabilitation physicians
working closely with the patient and who were able to provide an opinion about the
patientâs level of everyday executive functioning. Intra-class correlation coefficients and
their 95% confidence intervals were calculated between each of the three groups (self,
significant other, clinician). Principal axis factor (PAF) analyses were also conducted for
each of the three groups.
Results: The factor analysis revealed a consistent one-factor model for each of the
three groups of raters. However, the inter-rater reliability analyses showed a low level of
agreement between the self-ratings and the ratings of the two groups of independent
raters. We also found low agreement between the significant others and the clinicians.
Conclusion: Although there was a consistent finding of a single factor solution for each
of the three groups, the low level of agreement between significant others and clinicians
raises a question about the reliability of the DEX.</p
Valley splitting in a Si/SiGe quantum point contact
We present the theory and measurement of valley splitting in a quantum point
contact (QPC) in a modulation doped Si/SiGe heterostructure. Our measurements
are performed on a submicron Schottky-gated device. An effective mass theory is
developed for a QPC formed in a quantum well, grown on a miscut substrate. Both
theory and experiments include a perpendicular magnetic field. Our results
indicate that both QPC and magnetic confinement can enhance the valley
splitting by reducing the spatial extent of the electronic wavefunction.
Consequently, the valley splitting can be much larger than the spin splitting
for small magnetic fields. We also observe different valley splittings for
different transverse modes in the QPC, supporting the notion that when steps
are present at the quantum well interface, the spatial extent of the
wavefunction plays a dominant role in determining the valley splitting.Comment: 23 pages, 14 figure
Potential Cislunar and Interplanetary Proving Ground Excursion Trajectory Concepts
NASA has been investigating potential translunar excursion concepts to take place in the 2020s that would be used to test and demonstrate long duration life support and other systems needed for eventual Mars missions in the 2030s. These potential trajectory concepts could be conducted in the proving ground, a region of cislunar and near-Earth interplanetary space where international space agencies could cooperate to develop the technologies needed for interplanetary spaceflight. Enabled by high power Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) technologies, the excursion trajectory concepts studied are grouped into three classes of increasing distance from the Earth and increasing technical difficulty: the first class of excursion trajectory concepts would represent a 90-120 day round trip trajectory with abort to Earth options throughout the entire length, the second class would be a 180-210 day round trip trajectory with periods in which aborts would not be available, and the third would be a 300-400 day round trip trajectory without aborts for most of the length of the trip. This paper provides a top-level summary of the trajectory and mission design of representative example missions of these three classes of excursion trajectory concepts
Gaps in Topological Magnon Spectra: Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Effects
For topological magnon spectra, determining and explaining the presence of a
gap at a magnon crossing point is a key to characterize the topological
properties of the system. An inelastic neutron scattering study of a single
crystal is a powerful experimental technique that is widely employed to probe
the magnetic excitation spectra of topological materials. Here, we show that
when the scattering intensity rapidly disperses in the vicinity of a crossing
point, such as a Dirac point, the apparent topological gap size is extremely
sensitive to experimental conditions including sample mosaic, resolution, and
momentum integration range. We demonstrate these effects using comprehensive
neutron-scattering measurements of CrCl. Our measurements confirm the
gapless nature of the Dirac magnon in CrCl, but also reveal an artificial,
i.e. extrinsic, magnon gap unless the momentum integration range is carefully
controlled. Our study provides an explanation of the apparent discrepancies
between spectroscopic and first-principles estimates of Dirac magnon gap sizes,
and provides guidelines for accurate spectroscopic measurement of topological
magnon gaps.Comment: 6 pages and 4 figure
Vulnerability of high latitude soil organic carbon in North America to disturbance
This synthesis addresses the vulnerability of the North American high-latitude soil organic carbon (SOC) pool to climate change. Disturbances caused by climate warming in arctic, subarctic, and boreal environments can result in significant redistribution of C among major reservoirs with potential global impacts. We divide the current northern high-latitude SOC pools into (1) near-surface soils where SOC is affected by seasonal freeze-thaw processes and changes in moisture status, and (2) deeper permafrost and peatland strata down to several tens of meters depth where SOC is usually not affected by short-term changes. We address key factors (permafrost, vegetation, hydrology, paleoenvironmental history) and processes (C input, storage, decomposition, and output) responsible for the formation of the large high-latitude SOC pool in North America and highlight how climate-related disturbances could alter this pool\u27s character and size. Press disturbances of relatively slow but persistent nature such as top-down thawing of permafrost, and changes in hydrology, microbiological communities, pedological processes, and vegetation types, as well as pulse disturbances of relatively rapid and local nature such as wildfires and thermokarst, could substantially impact SOC stocks. Ongoing climate warming in the North American high-latitude region could result in crossing environmental thresholds, thereby accelerating press disturbances and increasingly triggering pulse disturbances and eventually affecting the C source/sink net character of northern high-latitude soils. Finally, we assess postdisturbance feedbacks, models, and predictions for the northern high-latitude SOC pool, and discuss data and research gaps to be addressed by future research
Algebraic Bethe ansatz method for the exact calculation of energy spectra and form factors: applications to models of Bose-Einstein condensates and metallic nanograins
In this review we demonstrate how the algebraic Bethe ansatz is used for the
calculation of the energy spectra and form factors (operator matrix elements in
the basis of Hamiltonian eigenstates) in exactly solvable quantum systems. As
examples we apply the theory to several models of current interest in the study
of Bose-Einstein condensates, which have been successfully created using
ultracold dilute atomic gases. The first model we introduce describes Josephson
tunneling between two coupled Bose-Einstein condensates. It can be used not
only for the study of tunneling between condensates of atomic gases, but for
solid state Josephson junctions and coupled Cooper pair boxes. The theory is
also applicable to models of atomic-molecular Bose-Einstein condensates, with
two examples given and analysed. Additionally, these same two models are
relevant to studies in quantum optics. Finally, we discuss the model of
Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer in this framework, which is appropriate for
systems of ultracold fermionic atomic gases, as well as being applicable for
the description of superconducting correlations in metallic grains with
nanoscale dimensions. In applying all of the above models to physical
situations, the need for an exact analysis of small scale systems is
established due to large quantum fluctuations which render mean-field
approaches inaccurate.Comment: 49 pages, 1 figure, invited review for J. Phys. A., published version
available at http://stacks.iop.org/JPhysA/36/R6
SNHG16 is regulated by the Wnt pathway in colorectal cancer and affects genes involved in lipid metabolism
It is well established that lncRNAs are aberrantly expressed in cancer where they have been shown to act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. RNA profiling of 314 colorectal adenomas/adenocarcinomas and 292 adjacent normal colon mucosa samples using RNAâsequencing demonstrated that the snoRNA host gene 16 (SNHG16) is significantly upâregulated in adenomas and all stages of CRC. SNHG16 expression was positively correlated to the expression of Wntâregulated transcription factors, including ASCL2, ETS2, and câMyc. In vitro abrogation of Wnt signaling in CRC cells reduced the expression of SNHG16 indicating that SNHG16 is regulated by the Wnt pathway. Silencing of SNHG16 resulted in reduced viability, increased apoptotic cell death and impaired cell migration. The SNHG16 silencing particularly affected expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. A connection between SNHG16 and genes involved in lipid metabolism was also observed in clinical tumors. Argonaute CrossLinking and ImmunoPrecipitation (AGOâCLIP) demonstrated that SNHG16 heavily binds AGO and has 27 AGO/miRNA target sites along its length, indicating that SNHG16 may act as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) âspongingâ miRNAs off their cognate targets. Most interestingly, half of the miRNA families with high confidence targets on SNHG16 also target the 3â˛UTR of StearoylâCoA Desaturase (SCD). SCD is involved in lipid metabolism and is downâregulated upon SNHG16 silencing. In conclusion, upâregulation of SNHG16 is a frequent event in CRC, likely caused by deregulated Wnt signaling. In vitro analyses demonstrate that SNHG16 may play an oncogenic role in CRC and that it affects genes involved in lipid metabolism, possible through ceRNA related mechanisms
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