A V-Diagram for the Design of Integrated Health Management for Unmanned Aerial Systems

Designing Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) is inherently complex. UAS are a system of systems (SoS) and IVHM is a product-service, thus the designer has to take into account many factors, such as: the design of the other systems of the UAS (e.g. engines, structure, communications), the split of functions between elements of the UAS, the intended operation/mission of the UAS, the cost verses benefit of monitoring a system/component/part, different techniques for monitoring the health of the UAS, optimizing the health of the fleet and not just the individual UAS, amongst others. The design of IVHM cannot sit alongside, or after, the design of UAS, but itself be integrated into the overall design to maximize IVHM’s potential. Many different methods exist to help design complex products and manage the process. One method used is the V-diagram which is based on three concepts: decomposition & definition; integration & testing; and verification & validation. This paper adapts the V-diagram so that it can be used for designing IVHM for UAS. The adapted v-diagram splits into different tracks for the different system elements of the UAS and responses to health states (decomposition and definition). These tracks are then combined into an overall IVHM provision for the UAS (integration and testing), which can be verified and validated. The stages of the adapted V-diagram can easily be aligned with the stages of the V-diagram being used to design the UAS bringing the design of the IVHM in step with the overall design process. The adapted V-diagram also allows the design IVHM for a UAS to be broken down in to smaller tasks which can be assigned to people/teams with the relevant competencies. The adapted V-diagram could also be used to design IVHM for other SoS and other vehicles or products

Sensitivity of mouse embryonic fibroblasts to ultraviolet radiation as determined by clonogenic assay.

<p>The D₃₇ value shown is the dose of ultraviolet radiation yielding 37% cell survival (mean of 3 or more independent experiments ± standard deviations).</p><p>UVA = ultraviolet A; UVB = ultraviolet B; UVC = ultraviolet C.</p

Induction of cell death in fibroblasts after exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

<p>Post-exposure time courses of induction of apoptosis in mouse fibroblasts exposed to <b>A</b> 1×10⁵ Jm⁻² UVA and <b>B</b> 5 J m⁻² UVC as determined by fluorescein isothiocyanate -annexin V/propidium iodide staining and fluorescence activated cell sorting flow cytometry. The percentages of annexin V-binding only cells are shown and each data point represents the mean of three independent experiments ± S.E.M. Representative density dot plots are shown for the respective peaks of apoptosis induction <b>C</b> 12 hours after UVA exposure and <b>D</b> 20 hours after UVC exposure. The lower left quadrant shows the viable cells, which exclude propidium iodide and are negative for fluorescein isothiocyanate -annexin V binding (Q1). The upper right quadrant (Q3) contains non-viable cells, positive for annexin V- fluorescein isothiocyanate binding and the uptake of propidium iodide. The lower right quadrant (Q2) represents the apoptotic cells, which are positive for annexin V- fluorescein isothiocyanate binding but exclude propidium iodide, demonstrating cytoplasmic membrane integrity. S.E.M = Standard error of the mean; UVA = ultraviolet A; UVC = ultraviolet C.</p

The progression of cells irradiated in S phase of the cell cycle.

<p>Cells were pulse-labelled with bromodeoxyuridine for 1 hour prior to sampling. The mean green fluorescence intensity of irradiated cells is shown as a percentage of the corresponding mock-irradiated cells at each time point following irradiation. Results shown are the mean ± S.E.M. of three independent experiments. S.E.M. = standard error of the mean; UVA = ultraviolet A; UVC = ultraviolet C.</p

Representative western blot analyses of irradiated fibroblasts treated in G1 phase of the cell cycle.

<p>The fold increase in p53 protein accumulation was determined by densitometry. The density of the protein band in untreated samples was considered to be 1.0. Each value is the mean ± S.E.M. of at least of three independent experiments. S.E.M. = standard error of the mean; UVA = ultraviolet A; UVC = ultraviolet C.</p

DNA binding by p53 protein after ultraviolet irradiation.

<p>Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were performed using a labelled p21^WAF1 oligonucleotide probe in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The solid arrow indicates p53-DNA binding complexes; the asterisk indicates supershift of p53-DNA binding complexes with anti-p53 antibody.</p

Kinetics and dose dependence of p53 accumulation as determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting.

<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0075800#pone-0075800-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2A</a>. Representative flow cytograms of fibroblasts, stained for p53 with a fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antibody. Cells were exposed to ultraviolet radiation in the exponential phase of growth and assayed 6 hours post insult. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0075800#pone-0075800-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2B</a>. P53 accumulation in G1 irradiated fibroblasts in response to ultraviolet radiation. Each data point represents the mean ± S.E.M. for at least 3 independent experiments. S.E.M = Standard error of the mean.</p

The 2010 Hans Cloos lecture : the contribution of urban geology to the development, regeneration and conservation of cities

Urban geology began to develop in the 1950s, particularly in California in relation to land-use planning, and led to Robert Legget publishing his seminal book “Cities and geology” in 1973. Urban geology has now become an important part of engineering geology. Research and practice has seen the evolution from single theme spatial datasets to multi-theme and multi-dimensional outputs for a wide range of users. In parallel to the development of these new outputs to aid urban development, regeneration and conservation, has been the growing recognition that city authorities need access to extensive databases of geo-information that are maintained in the long-term and renewed regularly. A further key advance has been the recognition that, in the urban environment, knowledge and understanding of the geology need to be integrated with those of other environmental topics (for example, biodiversity) and, increasingly, with the research of social scientists, economists and others. Despite these advances, it is suggested that the value of urban geology is not fully recognised by those charged with the management and improvement of the world’s cities. This may be because engineering geologists have failed to adequately demonstrate the benefits of urban geological applications in terms of cost and environmental improvement, have not communicated these benefits well enough and have not clearly shown the long-term contribution of geo-information to urban sustainability. Within this context future actions to improve the situation are proposed