The Earth: Plasma Sources, Losses, and Transport Processes

This paper reviews the state of knowledge concerning the source of magnetospheric plasma at Earth. Source of plasma, its acceleration and transport throughout the system, its consequences on system dynamics, and its loss are all discussed. Both observational and modeling advances since the last time this subject was covered in detail (Hultqvist et al., Magnetospheric Plasma Sources and Losses, 1999) are addressed

A semi-supervised learning approach to object recognition with spatial integration of local features and segmentation cues

Abstract. This chapter presents a principled way of formulating models for automatic local feature selection in object class recognition when there is little supervised data. Moreover, it discusses how one could formulate sensible spatial image context models using a conditional random field for integrating local features and segmentation cues (superpixels). By adopting sparse kernel methods and Bayesian model selection and data association, the proposed model identifies the most relevant sets of local features for recognizing object classes, achieves performance comparable to the fully supervised setting, and consistently outperforms existing methods for image classification.

Long-time dynamics of the infinite-temperature Heisenberg magnet

Infinite-temperature long-time dynamics of Heisenberg model ${\bf\hat{H}}=-\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i,j}J_{ij} \hat{\vec{S}}_{i}\hat{\vec{S}}_{j}$ is investigated. It is shown that the quantum spin pair-correlator is equal to the correlator of classically evaluated vector field averaged over the initial conditions with respect to the gaussian measure. In the continious limit case the scaling estimations allow one to find one-point correlator that turns out to be $C(\vec{r}=0;t)\propto const \times t^{-6/7}$. All results are obtained by straightforward procedure without any assumptions of the phenomenological character.Comment: 11 pages, RevTex 3.0, to be published in PRB Feb. 199

Characterization of IS1110, a highly mobile genetic element from Mycobacterium avium

[EN] A highly mobile insertion sequence designated IS1110 was detected in Mycobacterium avium strain LR541 following an observed increase in size of the plasmid pLR20. Genomic libraries of M. avium strains carrying either parental pLR20 or the modified plasmid (pLR20') were constructed and the sequence of the relevant clones was determined to characterize the insertion sequence and the target region. IS1110 Is a 1457bp element lacking terminal inverted repeats, and is related to IS900 (from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis), IS901 and IS902 (from M. avium) and to IS116 (from Streptomyces clavuligerus). LR541 carries several copies of IS1110. Individual colonies from the same plate show differences in Southern blot patterns when tested with an IS1110-derived probe; the ability to detect transposition events in random colonies, without any selection pressure, indicates an exceptionally high degree of mobility, which will be invaluable for transposon mutagenesis. Analyses of M. avium isolates from human, veterinary, and environmental sources showed that IS1110-hybridizing sequences are present in some M. avium isolates but they were not detected in strains of other mycobacterial species. The polymorphism exhibited in M. avium isolates suggests that this element may be useful for molecular epidemiological studies f M. avium infections.We are grateful for support from the Medical Research Council (Grant No. SPG 8825658), the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (Grant No. PG90 52552468), and the Commission of the European Communities. Our thanks are due to Jack Crawford for provision of strain LR541, and to JohnJoe McFadden and Tim Doran for helpful discussions. This work benefitted from the use of the SERC SEQNET facility at Daresbury.Hernández Pérez, M.; Fomukong, N.; Hellyer, T.; Brown, I.; Dale, J. (1994). Characterization of IS1110, a highly mobile genetic element from Mycobacterium avium. Molecular Microbiology. 12(5):717-724. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb01059.xS717724125Dellagostin, O. A., Wall, S., Norman, E., O’Shaughnessy, T., Dale, J. W., & McFadden, J. (1993). Construction and use of integrative vectors to express foreign genes in mycobacteria. Molecular Microbiology, 10(5), 983-993. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb00970.xEngland, P. M., Wall, S., & McFadden, J. (1991). IS900-promoted stable integration of a foreign gene into mycobacteria. Molecular Microbiology, 5(8), 2047-2052. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb00827.xFomukong, N. G., Dale, J. W., Osborn, T. W., & Grange, J. M. (1992). Use of gene probes based on the insertion sequence IS986 to differentiate between BCG vaccine strains. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 72(2), 126-133. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01813.xFulks, K. A., Marrs, C. F., Stevens, S. P., & Green, M. R. (1990). Sequence analysis of the inversion region containing the pilin genes of Moraxella bovis. Journal of Bacteriology, 172(1), 310-316. doi:10.1128/jb.172.1.310-316.1990Green, E. P., Tizard, M. L. V., Moss, M. T., Thompson, J., Winterbourne, D. J., McFadden, J. J., & Hermon-Taylor, J. (1989). Sequence and characteristics or IS900, an insertion element identified in a human Crohn’s disease isolate orMycobacterium paratuberculosis. Nucleic Acids Research, 17(22), 9063-9073. doi:10.1093/nar/17.22.9063Hampson, S. J., Thompson, J., Moss, M. T., Portaels, F., Green, E. P., Hermon-Taylor, J., & Mcfadden, J. J. (1989). DNA PROBES DEMONSTRATE A SINGLE HIGHLY CONSERVED STRAIN OF MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM INFECTING AIDS PATIENTS. The Lancet, 333(8629), 65-68. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91427-xHellyer, T. J., Brown, I. N., Dale, J. W., & Easmon, C. S. F. (1991). Plasmid analysis of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) isolated in the United Kingdom from patients with and without AIDS. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 34(4), 225-231. doi:10.1099/00222615-34-4-225Hermans, P. W., van Soolingen, D., Dale, J. W., Schuitema, A. R., McAdam, R. A., Catty, D., & van Embden, J. D. (1990). Insertion element IS986 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a useful tool for diagnosis and epidemiology of tuberculosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 28(9), 2051-2058. doi:10.1128/jcm.28.9.2051-2058.1990Higgins, D. G., & Sharp, P. M. (1988). CLUSTAL: a package for performing multiple sequence alignment on a microcomputer. Gene, 73(1), 237-244. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(88)90330-7Horsburgh, C. R. (1992). Epidemiology of mycobacterial diseases in AIDS. Research in Microbiology, 143(4), 372-377. doi:10.1016/0923-2508(92)90048-sJohnson, M. S., McClure, M. A., Feng, D. F., Gray, J., & Doolittle, R. F. (1986). Computer analysis of retroviral pol genes: assignment of enzymatic functions to specific sequences and homologies with nonviral enzymes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 83(20), 7648-7652. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.20.7648Kunze, Z. M., Wall, S., Appelberg, R., Silva, M. T., Portaels, F., & McFadden, J. J. (1991). IS901, a new member of a widespread class of atypical insertion sequences, is associated with pathogenicity inMycobacterium avium. Molecular Microbiology, 5(9), 2265-2272. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb02157.xKunze, Z. M., Portaels, F., & McFadden, J. J. (1992). Biologically distinct subtypes of Mycobacterium avium differ in possession of insertion sequence IS901. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 30(9), 2366-2372. doi:10.1128/jcm.30.9.2366-2372.1992Leskiw, B. K., Mevarech, M., Barritt, L. S., Jensen, S. E., Henderson, D. J., Hopwood, D. A., … Chater, K. F. (1990). Discovery of an insertion sequence, IS116, from Streptomyces clavuligerus and its relatedness to other transposable elements from actinomycetes. Journal of General Microbiology, 136(7), 1251-1258. doi:10.1099/00221287-136-7-1251McFadden, J. J., Butcher, P. D., Chiodini, R., & Hermon-Taylor, J. (1987). Crohn’s disease-isolated mycobacteria are identical to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, as determined by DNA probes that distinguish between mycobacterial species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 25(5), 796-801. doi:10.1128/jcm.25.5.796-801.1987McFadden, J. J., Butcher, P. D., Thompson, J., Chiodini, R., & Hermon-Taylor, J. (1987). The use of DNA probes identifying restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms to examine the Mycobacterium avium complex. Molecular Microbiology, 1(1), 283-291. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1987.tb01934.xMcFadden, J. J., Kunze, Z. M., Portaels, F., Labrousse, V., & Rastogi, N. (1992). Epidemiological and genetic markers, virulence factors and intracellular growth of Mycobacterium avium in AIDS. Research in Microbiology, 143(4), 423-430. doi:10.1016/0923-2508(92)90057-uMarrs, C. F., Rozsa, F. W., Hackel, M., Stevens, S. P., & Glasgow, A. C. (1990). Identification, cloning, and sequencing of piv, a new gene involved in inverting the pilin genes of Moraxella lacunata. Journal of Bacteriology, 172(8), 4370-4377. doi:10.1128/jb.172.8.4370-4377.1990Meissner, P. S., & Falkinham, J. O. (1986). Plasmid DNA Profiles as Epidemiological Markers for Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 153(2), 325-331. doi:10.1093/infdis/153.2.325Moss, M. T., Malik, Z. P., Tizard, M. L. V., Green, E. P., Sanderson, J. D., & Hermon-Taylor, J. (1992). IS902, an insertion element of the chronic-enteritis-causing Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum. Journal of General Microbiology, 138(1), 139-145. doi:10.1099/00221287-138-1-139Murray, A., Winter, N., Lagranderie, M., Hill, D. F., Rauzier, J., Timm, J., … Gicquel, B. (1992). Expression of Escherichia coli ?-galactosidase in Mycobacterium bovis BCG using an expression system isolated from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis which induced humoral and cellular immune responses. Molecular Microbiology, 6(22), 3331-3342. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb02201.xTIZARD, M. L. V., MOSS, M. T., SANDERSON, J. D., AUSTEN, B. M., & HERMON-TAYLOR, J. (1992). p43, the protein product of the atypical insertion sequence IS900, is expressed in Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Journal of General Microbiology, 138(8), 1729-1736. doi:10.1099/00221287-138-8-1729Young, L. S., Inderlied, C. B., Berlin, O. G., & Gottlieb, M. S. (1986). Mycobacterial Infections in. AIDS Patients, with an Emphasis on the Mycobacterium avium Complex. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 8(6), 1024-1033. doi:10.1093/clinids/8.6.102