Polyethylene Sheeting as a Water Surface Cover in Sub-zero Temperatures

The occurrence of temperatures below -20°C in central Alaska produces a situation conducive to the formation of ice fog. By far the largest source of ice fog in the Fairbanks area is the evaporation of water in the cooling ponds of power plants. In an attempt to find methods to reduce this evaporation and subsequent fogging, a study was conducted during the winter of 1973 in order to examine the feasibility of using po1yethylene sheeting as a water surface cover. An uncovered insulated tank of water was placed on the roof of the Engineering Building of the University of Alaska. The water was circulated to prevent stratification and kept from freezing by a thermostatically controlled heater. From January 23 through February 2, the water surface was 1eft uncovered. Evaporation rates were measured daily by maintaining the water surface at a constant level. During the period of February 2 through 11, the water surface was covered with a sheet of clear polyethylene, thereby eliminating evaporation. Throughout the period of study, daily readings were made of the power consumption of the heater and pump. Temperatures within and above the tank were also frequently measured with copper-constantine thermocouples. From the data co11ected, a daily energy balance for the tank was calculated. Taken into consideration were the net short-wave and long-wave energy exchange, heat loss due to evaporation and sensible heat transfer, heat loss through the sides of the tank, change in stored energy, and energy input from heater and pump. Results indicate that polyethylene is an effective water surface cover that could be used to virtually eliminate evaporation from cooling ponds.The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of the Institute of Water Resources, University of Alaska, who provided the funds for the construction of the tank and the instrumentation used in the study, and M. Gavin and B. Strickler, who helped in its construction

A Northern Snowmelt Model

In early 1968, a large petroleum discovery was made in the Prudhoe Bay area of Alaska's Arctic Coastal Plain. This discovery has led Alaska into a period of development of unprecedented speed and magnitude. This development will require the construction of many engineering facilities which are affected by the water resources. The design of each of these requires an understanding of the hydrologic system, a system which is dominated in Alaska by low temperatures, high latitudes, large elevation differences and sparse data. The latter factor is unique to Alaska and makes application of common design techniques virtually impossible

The Synthesis of 14-Nitro- and 14-Amino-Codeinone Derivatives

The reaction of tetranitromethane with thebaine (4) has been studied and alternative routes to 14beta-amino-derivatives of codeine (2) investigated. The nitration of thebaine with tetranitromethane gave 14beta-nitrocodeinone (53) or its ketal, and a second nitration product whose structure has been identified as 8,14-dihydro-8alpha,10alpha-epidioxy-14beta-nitrothebaine (59). Reaction conditions which preclude or optimise the formation of either product have been found. The structure of the latter product was determined by reduction to either 8,14-dihydro-8alpha,10alpha-dihydroxy-14beta-nitrothebaine (61) or 8,14-dihydro-8alpha,10alpha-epoxy-143-nitrothebaine (65) and by base catalysed hydrolysis to 8,14-dihydro-8B-hydroxy-10-oxo-143-nitrothebaine(55 :R=H). The interconversion of these degradation products has been achieved and their chemistry studied. The cleavage of 8,14-dihydro-8,10-dioxo-14beta-nitrothebaine (64) with alkoxides gave products with unusual spectrometric properties, which have been tentatively identified as the esters (70). Nitryl chloride, dinitrogen tetroxide and nitric acid have been investigated as nitrating agents for thebaine but were found to be unsuitable for the preparation of 14beta-amino-derivatives. The chemistry of the Diels-Alder adducts of C-nitrosocarbonyl-compounds with thebaine, with respect to the preparation of 14beta-amino-derivatives, has been investigated. Acid hydrolysis of these adducts was found to be very dependent upon conditions, yielding a series of N-substituted 14beta-hydroxyamino-derivatives. A preliminary study of the chemistry of these compounds has been undertaken

An analysis of the monitored electronic alarm activations in the Perth metropolitan area

This study as indicated in [7] was carried out under the auspices of Edith Cowan University\u27s Institute of Security and Applied Technology and had the support of the Western Australian Police and the Perth-based Central Monitoring Agencies. The data analysed was obtained essentially from Police records, backed up by data from two of Perth\u27s larger security companies, and consists of all the monitored alarms in the Perth Metropolitan Area which were attended by the police in the months of May and September 1989.In our consideration of the frequency of alarms by time of day and day of week, and the frequency of false alarm per activated system we have analysed both the May and the September data. However, we look at the cause of the alarm for the September data only. The reason for this is that, from September 1989 onwards, largely as a part of their cooperation in this project, the WA Police have been recording more detailed on the spot\u27\u27 information than previously

‘Stay safe online, tell someone’ evaluation report

[Extract] Introduction Children and young people are spending more time online than ever before. In addition to other forms of abuse and harm, online abuse—including sexual abuse, grooming, sextortion, child sexual abuse (CSA) material related offenses and cyberbullying—is a concern that must be addressed. The Y developed and evaluated an adapted version of the ‘Stay Safe, Tell Someone’ program. The ‘Stay Safe Online, Tell Someone’ program was developed through adapting the existing program using data analysed from focus groups with children and young people and utilises an online/digital delivery method. The aim of the program is to increase program users’ resilience, confidence and perception of online safety, and to ensure users have the information they need to have their voices heard and to go to someone if they have concerns or worries

The Neural Control of Blood Flow to Normal, Injured and Arthritic Joints

An imaging technique (laser Doppler perfusion imaging, LDI), based on measurement of backscattered Doppler-broadened laser radiation, was used to produce two-dimensional images of perfusion in animal and human joints. The advantage of this technique is that it can map the spatial distribution of tissue perfusion in a non-invasive manner. On the downside, however, LDI is unable to provide absolute measures of blood flow and it is incapable of assessing temporal changes in perfusion. The former disadvantage was addressed in this thesis by comparing LDI flux values obtained from rabbit medial collateral ligaments (MCL) with simultaneous absolute measures of blood flow determined by the coloured microsphere technique. These experiments were able to calibrate the LDI system, however, since different tissues have unique optical properties, the calibration factor produced in this study was specific to rabbit MCLs

A lexicon to Diodorus Siculus

The decision to undertake the compilation of a lexicon to an ancient author needs little apology. When the author is Diodorus and the lexicon is the first, none whatsoever is needed and it is ray modest hope that the present work will prove to be a useful instrument for both students of Diodorus' work as a whole, historians and linguists concerned with a particular facet of his sources, methods, and style, and those investigating Hellenistic prose style in general. The text used as the basis for the lexicon has been that of Vogel-Fischer (Teubner, Leipzig, 1388 ff.) and all references depend on their division of the text into chapters and paragraphs. I have deliberately avoided treatment of the fragments, since it is not always clear whether the words are those of Diodorus or those of an author paraphrasing him, while one of the functions of the lexicon might be to submit the fragments to the test. The work attempts, as far as is possible, to combine the advantages of both lexicon and index: each word is analysed grammatically and semantically and each occurrence of almost every word is duly recorded. However, it has proved impossible to note all the various forms of the words used by Diodorus without allowing the lexicon to become unwieldy, when scholars seeking such information can without significant inconvenience use the references cited in the work to look up the relevant passages in order to satisfy their interest. Furthermore, I did not consider it profitable to cite every example of the definite article, some common particles, and some pronouns and demonstrative active adjectives but instead concentrated on particular usages and combinations; in this way the size of the lexicon has been reduced by some six or seven hundred pages, while the scholar investigating other uses of these words might as easily read through the entire text as check out an endless sequence of references

Mystic Inspiration of Effective Habits?

Although numerous and diverse publications address professors’ writing and research productivity, exceedingly few empirical studies report findings for interventions designed and implemented to increase professors’ research productivity. This study used an innovative mixed methods design with a concurrent triangulation strategy and methods from two research traditions that investigators rarely integrate – quantitative single-case interventions and qualitative inquiry. Processes and findings from this study illustrate how researchers can combine these methods to illuminate the how and why of changes in performance in participant-interventionist studies. In this study, university professors used goal setting and behavioral self-management techniques to increase their daily research productivity and the number of manuscripts they submitted to professional journals. Based on findings and existing literature, we identify practical habits that increase research productivity. This study extends the literature base that includes numerous descriptive articles and opinion pieces on many topics about scholarly productivity, but few intervention studies that report quantitative findings

Geology and geophysics of the foreland fold-thrust belt of northwestern Pakistan

Himalayan collision produced frontal and lateral ramps and associated Pliocene to Quaternary tectonic geomorphic features in the foreland fold-thrust belt of northwestern Pakistan. The transpressional right-lateral Kalabagh tear fault zone displaced the emergent Surghar Range frontal thrust from the western Salt Range by 16-19 km since 1.9-2.1 Ma: the age of youngest Siwalik molasse strata erosionally truncated during the southward advance of decollement thrusting. Folds and fanglomerate deposits resulting from decollement thrusting were also cut by the Kalabagh fault. North of the eastern Surghar Range, the N15W-trending Kalabagh fault bends to the west into north-dipping thrust faults that sole out beneath the southern Kohat Plateau. Foreland subsidence associated with the southward advance of thrusting controlled the distribution of Indus River conglomerates during the late Pliocene and Quaternary. Uplift in the northern Kalabagh fault zone diverted the Indus river eastward to its present course. South of the Main Boundary thrust (MBT) and west of the Indus River, decollement thrusting dominated by layer-parallel slip of as much as 32 km on a single thrust fault emplaced blind thrust sheets and fault-bend folds. Balanced cross sections show over 50% line-length shortening in sedimentary strata between the top of the basement and the base of the elastic wedge of the Murree and Kamlial formations and the Siwalik Group. A NNWtrending basement ridge modeled from Bouguer gravity data may have nucleated the similarly-oriented Kalabagh fault lateral ramp along the western Salt Range. A basement fault may have produced the frontal ramp at the Surghar Range. Low friction along the basal decollement thrust, with rapid underthrusting and internal thickening, produced a subcritical wedge tapering approximately 2° across the 70-km-wide Kohat foreland fold-thrust belt between the MBT and the Surghar Range thrust