Rethinking police accountability and transparency within the EU: reconciling national and supranational approaches

The new terrain of increasing interaction between national and supranational legal systems within the European Union presents new challenges for conventional approaches to police accountability and transparency. Each EU Member State is responsible for policing within its jurisdiction, and the EU institutions are increasingly responsible for enhancing the conduct of police cooperation between the Member States. The thesis explores the challenges of reconciling national approaches in the international sphere by conducting a critical analysis of ‘how and to what extent national legal and administrative norms on police accountability and transparency are informing the concept, design and operation of EU cross-border policing instruments’. Building on the work of Peter K. Manning, Geoffrey Marshall and David Bayley amongst others, the thesis develops a pragmatic typology of police accountability through which to view the evolution and adequacy of national and supranational approaches. The typology contains three key dimensions, namely codes, co-option and complaint. Using the typology to critique conventional approaches in the UK, Ireland and Denmark, the thesis identifies legal and procedural anomalies and challenges at both the national and supranational level since the traditional elements of police accountability were originally formulated within the confines of national legal, political, historical and cultural constraints. Employing the typology to both elucidate problems and suggest methods of internalisation, the thesis argues that the EU should follow the lead of the Member States’ legislatures by seeking to regulate a wider range of policing processes through more expansive procedural ‘codes’ which facilitate police discretion and co-option. The thesis shows that it is not sufficient for the EU to prioritise its post-Lisbon policy of ‘co-decision’ in order to remedy its democratic deficits but that it must oversee the establishment and enhancement of parliamentary committees, inspectorates and other oversight bodies in the interest of police accountability. A number of recommendations are made for police reform at both the national and supranational levels to this end. More particularly, the research indicates that additional treaty changes are needed beyond the Lisbon Treaty in order to adequately reconcile national and supranational approaches to police accountability. I am grateful to the Irish Research Council for supporting this research by the award of a Government of Ireland Research Scholarship

Prostitution and Casual Sex: An Examination of Kantian Ethics and the Moral Acceptability of Prostitution

This paper concerns the ethics of prostitution. It begins with David Benatar’s distinction between “significant” and “casual” sex. Kant’s understanding of sex—fraught with worries about ends, autonomy, and objectification—falls under the significance view of sex, even more “special” because it seems to hold that sex is only morally acceptable within marriage. But this untenable position exposes an inconsistency in Kant’s thoughts on personhood and possession. Singer offers a preferable view of sex as sustenance. The author next argues that the service of prostitution is ethical so long as the prostitute’s job and her or his personal life remain distinct, the body is not harmed, and the prostitute chooses to prostitute. The author then dismisses dissenting opinions from Melissa Farley and Howard Klepper, who misplace the cause of psychological harm and misidentify coercion, respectively. The paper concludes with an analogy connecting the prostitute’s services with a Santa Claus impersonator’s service

Torso stabilization reduces the metabolic cost of producing cycling power

Journal ArticleMany researchers have used cycling exercise to evaluate muscle metabolism. Inherent in such studies is an assumption that changes in whole-body respiration are due solely to respiration at the working muscle. Some researchers, however, have speculated that the metabolic cost of torso stabilization may contribute to the metabolic cost of cycling

Farancia abacura

Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Water in South Dakota Stakeholder Guided Strategies for Moving Forward

The 2017 Eastern South Dakota Water Conference included a stakeholder working session that resulted in over 350 comments. This paper reflects the challenges, goals and action items pertaining to South Dakota’s water resources as identified by the state’s diverse stakeholders

Wind Ensemble and Concert Band

Kennesaw State University School of Music presents Wind Ensemble and Concert Band.https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/musicprograms/1617/thumbnail.jp

Smokejumper Magazine, July 2005

This issue of the National Smokejumper Association (NSA) Smokejumper Magazine contains the following articles: To The Moon! Former Jumper Pilots Apollo 14 (Jill Leger), Only a Trail Jump (John McDaniel), Lee Gossett On Raven 12—Gene Hamner. Profile Hal Ewing (pilot). Smokejumper Magazine continues Static Line, which was the original title of the NSA quarterly magazine.https://dc.ewu.edu/smokejumper_mag/1047/thumbnail.jp

The efficacy of optometric vision training for altering eye movement patterns--A literature review

It has been shown that people who exhibit inadequate reading performance often have deficient eye movement skills. Inefficient readers may demonstrate poor fixations, regressions, saccades or any combination of these factors. Can eye movements be altered or improved by instituting a program of visual training? Will reading performance increase as a result of more efficient eye movement patterns? It is the intent of this review to explore these relationships and to show that there is indeed a correlation between eye movements and reading performance. This review examines and asks several questions: (1) Where should the focus of a remedial effort be focused for those persons exhibiting poor reading ability and concurrently demonstrating inefficient eye movement skills? (2) What are the possible causes of deficient eye movements and/or reading ability? (3) Background physiological information about eye movements and their recording systems are presented. (4) Several studies dealing with the modification of eye movements are reviewed. (5) Finally, concluding remarks are offered as to what inferences and conclusions can be drawn from the available literature