Thermoreceptors: Recent heat in thermosensation

AbstractEvery organism with a nervous system can detect changes in temperature. Recent studies on sensory neurons from rats and genetic evidence from nematodes have provided intriguing hints about the molecular basis of thermosensation

Unsustainable: Alabama's Increasing Trend of Keeping the Elderly Behind Bars

Alabama's reliance on life imprisonment for a wide range of offenses has resulted in soaring numbers of older, incarcerated people trapped in prison until death. The costs are enormous, simultaneously draining state resources and impacting the ability of the Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC) to effectively manage prisons. The sheer increase in the numbers of older, incarcerated people is stunning: In 1972, there were 181 individuals over the age of 50 in Alabama's prisons. That number now exceeds 6,750.This report seeks to determine just how much Alabama's rapidly aging prison population correlates with increases in the Department of Correction's financial burdens and systemic strain. Understanding the unsustainable nature of Alabama's aging prison population—and how the situation has reached a boiling point— exposes the necessity of comprehensive short and long term reform. Without reform, current trends indicate the uncontrollable expense of punishing thousands of people until they die will have severe consequences both for state budgets and prison safety

Along the Midway: Some Thoughts on Democratic Constitution-Amending

In the American political circus there is apt to be going on at any given time a number of sideshows pretty much unrelated to the action under the Big Top. Essentially harmless and perhaps even functional for the system, they include the activities of the anti-vivisectionists, campaigns to impeach the Chief Justice, and the fratricidal spasms of various Marxist-oriented splinter movements. Among these sideshows, however, one has been distinguished by its perennial character and by the attention given to it by otherwise sober and restrained persons. I refer to the attempt through state legislative petitions to get Congress to call a constitutional convention pursuant to article V

The Adolescent Diversion Project

Juvenile incarceration has been a prevalent problem in the United States Criminal Justice System. Once incarcerated, juveniles have much lower high school graduation rates when compared to their peers and higher recidivism rates when compared to their adult counterparts. These two factors reduce a juveniles’ chances of succeeding in the United States substantially. Many solutions have been proposed to fix this issue, however, none have been as successful or as promising as the Adolescent Diversion Project. The Adolescent Diversion Project has been proven to significantly reduce recidivism rates in juvenile offenders and to be cost-effective. For these reasons, the Adolescent Diversion Project should be implemented by communities and law enforcement agencies that want policies that are evidence-based

Across the first divide: Frontiers of settlement and culture in Augusta County, Virginia, 1738-1770

This is a history of a frontier county in late colonial Virginia. Augusta County was created in 1738 and subdivided for the first time in 1770. During the intervening years it encompassed most of Virginia\u27s claims to land west of the Blue Ridge Mountains.;As drawn by Virginians, the borders of Augusta County simultaneously encompassed two types of frontiers: a frontier of settlement on which white immigrants created a new society, and a frontier of culture in which those settlers interacted with a variety of Indians. This study examines both types of frontier experiences.;On the settlement frontier, white immigrants rapidly created a deferential and hierarchical society identical in its major features to contemporary counties throughout colonial Virginia. The aspects of white society examined by this dissertation include landholding, control of labor, religious diversity, and resistance to magisterial authority.;In the cultural frontier, Indian-white relations included routinely peaceful contacts as well as occasional violent outbursts. Cherokees responded to white expansion primarily with diplomacy and accommodation, while the tribes of the upper Ohio River Valley chose more militant resistance.;For contemporary whites and Indians, the complex frontier that was colonial Augusta County seemed at times to offer great rewards. Red or white, individual successes in realizing those rewards varied widely, depending partly on chance and larger historical events beyond local control. One constant continually influenced both destinies--the form and function of white society. That society, simultaneously conservative and dynamic, supported the expansion of colonial Virginia into the North American interior

The Bionomics of the Culicidae of the Dallas Area

Little work has been done on Texan mosquitoes. In 1922 Dyar listed 43 species from Texas, 10 of which were recorded from near Dallas. Cushing (1934) listed the mosquitoes of Brazos County. McGregor & Eads (1934) in their work on the mosquitoes of Texas, divided the State into 17 approximately equal areas. They gave a total list of 54 species, of which 19 were reported from the area that included Dallas County. Fisk & LeVan (1941) published notes on the mosquitoes of Brownsville. The State Health Department of Texas published (1944) a booklet, The Mosquitoes of Texas , which is the most complete work on the mosquitoes of the State. It included keys and descriptions, as well as ecological and distributional notes on the 75 species listed. O\u27Neill, Ogden, & Eyles (1944) supplemented McGregor & Eads\u27 list with nine species. Hollingsworth (1948) listed the mosquitoes from the neighborhood of Nacogdoches

Maybe Oil and Water Should Mix - At Least In Texas Law: An Analysis of Current Problems With Texas Ground Water Law and How Established Oil and Gas Law Could Provide Appropriate Solutions

If oil were involved, rather than water, Texas law provides the landowner absolute ownership of all the oil and gas in place beneath his land. However, the Texas\u27 Railroad Commission requires a permit before drilling operations begin, enforces spacing rules, and sets production limits designed to maximize the overall production from the reservoir and enforce the correlative rights of neighbors. The Railroad Commission also makes and enforces rules to minimize waste and environmental damage. These rules sound like Arizona\u27s reasonable use doctrine for ground water; the concepts are familiar to Texas legislators, Texas courts and to Texas property owners. Using the State\u27s police powers in such a regulatory scheme has already been tested in Texas courts in oil and gas regulation, and a centralized state agency such as the Texas Water Commission offers advantages in cost and expertise. The application of the reasonable use doctrine to ground water appears to be the best alternative

Paper Session III-A - Using the Space Shuttle Columbia Begin Bringing the Moon to America

The purpose of this paper is to propose a realistic enterprise framework that addresses how America’s space program resources can best serve its free enterprise system as it expands above and beyond Earth orbit. Recently, there have been efforts to determine how to use a Space Shuttle to return an American to the Moon at some cost goal. This is a good thing to do for planning the creation of a space infrastructure on the Moon. However, given the tremendous economic potential of human interest in space -is this the best thing America could be doing now with one of its Space Shuttles