ENERGY-RELATED INPUT DEMAND BY CROP PRODUCERS

Demand and Price Analysis, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

TARGET MOTAD FOR RISK LOVERS

Although risk analyses of discrete alternatives often identify at least one efficient set for persons who prefer risk, preference for risk is usually ignored when the decision variables are continuous. This paper presents a version of Target MOTAD which can be used when there is preference for risk.risk, target MOTAD, risk seeking, risk lovers, Risk and Uncertainty, D81, Q12,

VOLATILITY OF CASH CORN PRICES BY DAY-OF-THE-WEEK

The volatility of St. Louis cash corn bids by day-of-the-week is examined for the period September 1992 through August 1999. Thursday to Friday, Friday to Monday and Friday to Tuesday (with a holiday on Monday) price changes tend to be larger than other day-to-day changes.Financial Economics, Marketing,

IDENTIFYING THE SET OF SSD-EFFICIENT MIXTURES OF RISKY ALTERNATIVES

Target MOTAD and other direct utility-maximization models provide one way of computing SSD-efficient mixtures. These models are appropriate when the utility function is known and can also be used to identify part of the set of SSD-efficient mixtures even when the utility function is not known. However, they do not always identify all SSD-efficient mixtures. A grid method was proposed by Bawa, Lindenberg, and Rafsky. A third approach, which extends the work of Dybvig and Ross, is presented here. It is illustrated by applying it to data from Anderson, Dillon, and Hardaker.Risk and Uncertainty,

SHADOW PRICE IMPLICATIONS OF SEVERAL STOCHASTIC DOMINANCE CRITERIA

Stochastic dominance criteria can be, but seldom are explicitly, applied to problems having continuous variables. A previously developed model is modified to facilitate exploration of sets of shadow price vectors for decreasing (non-increasing) absolute risk aversion stochastic dominance (DSD), a combination, TGSD, of third degree stochastic dominance (TSD) and generalized stochastic dominance (GSD) and a combination, DGSD, of DSD and GSD. The model is illustrated by applying it to two risk efficient (primal) solutions of a problem by Anderson, Dillon and Hardaker. For each of the two primal solutions and, where relevant, three risk aversion coefficient intervals, selected aspects of the sets of shadow price vectors consistent with TSD, DSD, TGSD and DGSD are compared with each other and with sets of shadow price vectors consistent with GSD and second degree stochastic dominance (SSD).Demand and Price Analysis,

New urbanism, crime and the suburbs: a review of the evidence

Sustainability now influences government policy in the UK, Australia and USA and planning policy currently advocates high density, mixed-use residential developments in 'walkable', permeable neighbourhoods, close to public transport, employment and amenities. This clearly demonstrates the growing popularity, influence and application of New Urbanist ideas.This paper reviews the criminological research relating to New Urbanism associated with the three key issues of permeability, rear laneway car parking and mixed-use development. These key issues are discussed from an environmental criminology perspective and challenge New Urbanist assumptions concerning crime. The paper proposes that crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) and its crime risk assessment model represents a valuable tool for New Urbanists to utilise to reduce opportunities for crime and tackle fear of crime in the community. Recommendations for future research and collaboration are discussed

ElectrochemicalN-demethylation of tropane alkaloids

A practical, efficient, and selective electrochemicalN-demethylation method of tropane alkaloids to their nortropane derivatives is described. Nortropanes, such as noratropine and norscopolamine, are important intermediates for the semi-synthesis of the medicines ipratropium or oxitropium bromide, respectively. Synthesis was performed in a simple home-made electrochemical batch cell using a porous glassy carbon electrode. The reaction proceeds at room temperature in one step in a mixture of ethanol or methanol and water. The method avoids hazardous oxidizing agents such as H(2)O(2)orm-chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA), toxic solvents such as chloroform, as well as metal-based catalysts. Various key parameters were investigated in electrochemical batch or flow cells, and the optimized conditions were used in batch and flow-cells at gram scale to synthesize noratropine in high yield and purity using a convenient liquid-liquid extraction method without any need for chromatographic purification. Mechanistic studies showed that the electrochemicalN-demethylation proceeds by the formation of an iminium intermediate which is converted by water as the nucleophile. The optimized method was further applied to scopolamine, cocaine, benzatropine, homatropine and tropacocaine, showing that this is a generic way ofN-demethylating tropane alkaloids to synthesize valuable precursors for pharmaceutical products