Development of common bean genotypes with high iron and zinc seed concentrations and superior canning and agronomic quality traits

Iron deficiency anemia is prevalent worldwide but mainly affects children under five years of age and women of reproductive age. One of the main causes of anemia in these groups is diet incapable of meeting daily iron requirements. Biofortification of staple foods is an approach aimed at contributing to reduction of anemia in Africa, and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), one of the leading staple foods in East and Central Africa, has gained attention as a valuable source of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). Its usefulness in improving iron status of iron anemic women and children is documented. Natural variation in iron and associated micronutrients like zinc exists in beans but their concentrations are below the target levels to meet daily requirements. This study aimed to develop and identify potential bean genotypes that surpass the HarvestPlus threshold of 90 ppm seed iron for possible promotion as high iron and zinc beans, and utilization in hybridization programs targeting these minerals, productivity and market traits. Advanced 578 genotypes were evaluated in five genotype groups planted in three locations from 2016 to 2018. Genotypes significantly differed (P≤0.05) in Fe, Zn, cooking time, canning quality and yield. Iron and Zn varied highly, ranging between 44-118 and 25-50 ppm, respectively, across the five-genotype groups. Cooking time ranged from 29-118 minutes and majority of the genotypes expressed good to excellent canning quality based on visual assessment (4-5) and hydration coefficients (2.1-2.2). Mean yields for bush beans and climbers were 1674-1977 kg ha-1 and 2204-3160 kg ha-1, respectively. The most outstanding genotypes that combined above average yield with high Fe/Zn were CMKN1109 (96/ 43 ppm), SMR103 (92/ 43 ppm), SMC12 (90/43 ppm), and NUS16 (91/ 48 ppm). In addition, NUA127 (84/ 42 ppm), SMR53 (84/42 ppm), SMC160 (84/ 43 ppm) and NUA595 (83/ 42 ppm) yielded above average and expressed high canning quality. The genotypes that combined high Fe/ Zn, canning quality, and yield are potential genotypes for further improvement or evaluation for possible release

Development of white common beans for the processing industry in East Africa: Adaptability, resistance to selected diseases, cooking time and canning quality

Common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) provides dietary protein, energy, fiber, and micronutrients, especially iron and zinc to over 800 million people in Africa and Latin America. The crop has various seed types. White beans are very popular for the processing industry. This study aimed to investigate the agronomic performance, canning quality, cooking time (COOKT) and response to root rots ( Fusarium cuneirostrum and Pythium ultimum ) and angular leaf spot (ALS; Pseudocercospora griseola ) diseases among 151 drought tolerant small and large seeded white bean genotypes from trials conducted between 2013 to 2018 in East Africa. Significant (P<0.001) differences existed among the genotypes for response to the three pathogens, COOKT and canning quality traits. Resistance to each of the pathogens was expressed in 24-75% of the genotypes, while dual resistance to any two pairs of the pathogens occurred in 10-44% of the genotypes. Four genotypes; ICNBunsixSxB405/4C-1C-1C-88, RAZ-11, ETSNAP18 and ETSNAP3 expressed resistance to the three pathogens but had COOKT of 46-56 minutes (based on a Matson cooker), and below average canning quality. They are recommended as sources of diseases resistance but could be further improved for COOKT and canning quality. Sixty-eight genotypes had COOKT <50 minutes while 24 expressed good to excellent visual canning quality. Some phenotypes: RAZ-120, RAZ36-Caballero, NavyLine-60, NavyLine-25, ZABR16573-25F22, ZABR16575-60F22, ETSNAP33, Bifortsmallseeded-15 and ZABR16574-37F22, that were cooked in <45 minutes, exhibited good to excellent canning quality and expressed resistant to intermediate diseases resistance responses. These may be used as parental lines and/or fast tracked for variety release through regional trials.Le haricot commun ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) fournit des prot\ue9ines alimentaires, de l\u2019\ue9nergie, des fibres et des micronutriments, en particulier du fer et du zinc \ue0 plus de 800 millions de personnes en Afrique et en Am\ue9rique latine. La culture a divers types des graines, mais les haricots blancs sont tr\ue8s populaires dans l\u2019industrie de la transformation. Cette \ue9tude visait \ue0 \ue9tudier la qualit\ue9 agronomique et de mise en conserve, le temps de cuisson et la r\ue9ponse des haricots blancs aux pourritures des racines et \ue0 la tache angulaire (ALS, angular leaf spot) qui provoquent des pertes de rendement importantes dans la production des haricots en Afrique de l\u2019Est. Les haricots \ue0 petites et grandes graines am\ue9lior\ue9s pour la tol\ue9rance \ue0 la s\ue9cheresse ont \ue9t\ue9 \ue9valu\ue9s de 2013 \ue0 2018. Des diff\ue9rences significatives (P<0,001) existaient entre les 151 g\ue9notypes pour la r\ue9ponse \ue0 trois agents pathog\ue8nes ( Fusarium cuneirostrum , Pythium ultimum and Pseudocercospora griseola ), le temps de cuisson et les caract\ue9ristiques de qualit\ue9 de mise en conserve. Il \ue9tait possible de s\ue9lectionner une r\ue9sistance \ue0 la maladie simple, double et triple. La r\ue9sistance \ue0 chacun des agents pathog\ue8nes a \ue9t\ue9 exprim\ue9e dans 24 \ue0 75 % des g\ue9notypes ; tandis qu\u2019une double r\ue9sistance \ue0 deux paires des agents pathog\ue8nes s\u2019est produite dans 10 \ue0 44 % des g\ue9notypes. Les quatre g\ue9notypes ; ICNBunsixSxB405/4C-1C-1C-88, RAZ-11, ETSNAP18 et ETSNAP3 qui ont exprim\ue9 une r\ue9sistance \ue0 trois agents pathog\ue8nes ont \ue9t\ue9 cuits en 46-56 minutes et sont recommand\ue9s comme sources de r\ue9sistance pour la reproduction, mais pourraient \ueatre encore am\ue9lior\ue9s pour une cuisson rapide et la qualit\ue9 de la mise en conserve \ue9tant donn\ue9 qu\u2019une qualit\ue9 g\ue9n\ue9rale de mise en conserve inf\ue9rieure \ue0 la moyenne a \ue9t\ue9 observ\ue9e. Les soixante-huit g\ue9notypes ont \ue9t\ue9 cuits en moins de 50 minutes tandis que 24 exprimaient une qualit\ue9 visuelle de mise en conserve bonne \ue0 excellente. Les g\ue9notypes comme RAZ-120, RAZ36-Caballero, NavyLine-60, NavyLine-25, ZABR16573-25F22, ZABR16575-60F22, ETSNAP33, Bifortsmallseed-15 et ZABR16574-37F22, cuits en moins de 45 minutes, pr\ue9sentaient une bonne \ue0 excellente mise en conserve la qualit\ue9 et la r\ue9sistance \ue0 une r\ue9ponse interm\ue9diaire aux maladies \ue9valu\ue9es ont \ue9t\ue9 recommand\ue9es \ue0 des fins de s\ue9lection et pour une \ue9valuation plus approfondie en vue d\u2019une promotion \ue9ventuelle

Analysis of the Yellow Bean Corridor in Tanzania

The yellow bean value chain in Tanzania was necessary to understand value chain. The objective of the survey was to characterize and explore trade of yellow bean grain and potential seed. The survey collected data and grain samples from 298 grain traders (including wholesalers, exporters, aggregators, and retailers) and 64 potential seed traders (large and retail traders) from 12 regions across four administrative zones in Tanzania. The grain samples collected were for DNA analyses. Results show existence of an established yellow bean corridor across Tanzania and the region at large (Burundi, DRC, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia) and demonstrated a huge market pull in the Eastern and Southern Africa regions. There are also strong perceptions on the organoleptic quality of various yellow bean grains and varieties that are traced to their sources

Variation of common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) genotypes for water stress, adaptability and yield performance in Kagera Region, North – Western, Tanzania

M.Sc. DissertationCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important crop for the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Tanzania; it is the most produced pulse by small-scale farmers for household consumption and earning income after selling surplus. Common beans are intercropped with maize or with permanent crops such as banana or coffee and some few farmers grow it as a sole crop. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of water stress on seed yield of common bean under controlled environment; and determine the performance and adaptability of 16 genotypes at different agro-ecological environments in Kagera Region. Two experiments were conducted during the study; one was done in the screen-house and the other one was the field experiment. The screen house study on yield response to water regime revealed that genotypes DAB 582, SRC 59, IBWERA, DAB 602, SSIN 1240, Lyamungu 90, SMC 24, SMR 101, DAB 362 and JESCA were drought tolerant with lower and high value of the Drought Susceptibility Index (DSI) and Yield Stability Index (YSI) respectively. The analysis of variance of the Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model indicated that environments accounted for 56.9% of the total sum of square; genotypes effect explained 9.2% and the G x E interaction effect accounted 8.9% of the total sum of squares. According the results, the GGE biplot revealed that, the genotypes SSIN 1240, SAB 659 and DAB 219, SMR 101, SMC 162 and DAB 602 showed greater stability with the average closer to the overall average of the tested genotypes. Therefore, genotypes SMC 162, DAB 602, SSIN 1128, DAB 362 and SMR 101 were identified and recommended to be used in future breeding program as moisture stress tolerant, good seed yield and widely adapted in Kagera Region and similar agro ecologies

Development of white common beans for the processing industry in East Africa: Adaptability, resistance to selected diseases, cooking time and canning quality

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) provides dietary protein, energy, fiber, and micronutrients, especially iron and zinc to over 800 million people in Africa and Latin America. The crop has various seed types. White beans are very popular for the processing industry. This study aimed to investigate the agronomic performance, canning quality, cooking time (COOKT) and response to root rots (Fusarium cuneirostrum and Pythium ultimum) and angular leaf spot (ALS; Pseudocercospora griseola) diseases among 151 drought tolerant small and large seeded white bean genotypes from trials conducted between 2013 to 2018 in East Africa. Significant (P<0.001) differences existed among the genotypes for response to the three pathogens, COOKT and canning quality traits. Resistance to each of the pathogens was expressed in 24-75% of the genotypes, while dual resistance to any two pairs of the pathogens occurred in 10-44% of the genotypes. Four genotypes; ICNBunsixSxB405/4C-1C-1C-88, RAZ-11, ETSNAP18 and ETSNAP3 expressed resistance to the three pathogens but had COOKT of 46-56 minutes (based on a Matson cooker), and below average canning quality. They are recommended as sources of diseases resistance but could be further improved for COOKT and canning quality. Sixty-eight genotypes had COOKT <50 minutes while 24 expressed good to excellent visual canning quality. Some phenotypes: RAZ-120, RAZ36-Caballero, NavyLine-60, NavyLine-25, ZABR16573-25F22, ZABR16575-60F22, ETSNAP33, Bifort small seeded-15 and ZABR16574-37F22, that were cooked in <45 minutes, exhibited good to excellent canning quality and expressed resistant to intermediate diseases resistance responses. These may be used as parental lines and/or fast tracked for variety release through regional trials.&nbsp