Brief communication: The curious case of the large wood-laden flow event in the Pocuro stream (Chile)

Large wood transported during extreme flood events can represent a relevant additional source of hazards that should be taken into account in mountain environments. However, direct observations and monitoring of large-wood transport during floods are difficult and scarce. Here we present a video of a flood characterised by multiple phases of large-wood transport, including an initial phase of wood-laden flow rarely described in the literature. Estimations of flow velocity and transported wood volume provide a good opportunity to develop models of large-wood-congested transport

Characterization of wood-laden flows in rivers

Inorganic sediment is not the only solid‐fraction component of river flows; flows may also carry significant amounts of large organic material (i.e., large wood), but the characteristics of these wood‐laden flows (WLF) are not well understood yet. With the aim to shed light on these relatively unexamined phenomena, we collected home videos showing natural flows with wood as the main solid component. Analyses of these videos as well as the watersheds and streams where the videos were recorded allowed us to define for the first time WLF, describe the main characteristics of these flows and broaden the definition of wood transport regimes (adding a new regime called here hypercongested wood transport). According to our results, WLF may occur repeatedly, in a large range of catchment sizes, generally in steep, highly confined single thread channels in mountain areas. WLF are typically highly unsteady and the log motion is non‐uniform, as described for other inorganic sediment‐laden flows (e.g., debris flows). The conceptual integration of wood into our understanding of flow phenomena is illustrated by a novel classification defining the transition from clear water to hypercongested, wood and sediment‐laden flows, according to the composition of the mixture (sediment, wood, and water). We define the relevant metrics for the quantification and modelling of WLF, including an exhaustive discussion of different modelling approaches (i.e., Voellmy, Bingham and Manning) and provide a first attempt to simulate WLF. We draw attention to WLF phenomena to encourage further field, theoretical, and experimental investigations that may contribute to a better understanding of flows river basins, leading to more accurate predictions, and better hazard mitigation and management strategies

Unbiased Functional Proteomics Strategy for Protein Kinase Inhibitor Validation and Identification of bona fide Protein Kinase Substrates: Application to Identification of EEF1D as a Substrate for CK2

bS Supporting Informatio

proposta di una scala di danno per macroelementi

Il testo propone una scala per la valutazione del danno dei macroelementi delle chiese, con esemplificazioni fotografiche

Cascading processes in a changing environment: Disturbances on fluvial ecosystems in Chile and implications for hazard and risk management

The compound hazard effects of multiple process cascades severely affect Chilean river systems and result in a large variety of disturbances on their ecosystems and alterations of their hydromorphologic regimes leading to extreme impacts on society, environment and infrastructure. The acute, neo-tectonically pre-determined susceptibility to seismic hazards, thewidespread volcanic activity, the increasing glacier retreat and the continuous exposure to forest fires clearly disturb entire riverine systems and concur to trigger severe floods hazards. With the objective to refine the understanding of such cascading processes and to prospect feasible flood riskmanagement strategies in such a rapidly changing environment we first classify the large river basins according to a set of disturbances (i.e. volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, glacier lake outburst floods, wild fires and mass movements). Then, we describe emblematic cases of process cascades which affected specific Chilean drainage basins and resulted in high losses as tangible examples of how the cascading processes may unfold in other river basins with similar characteristics. As an attempt to enrich the debate among management authorities and academia in Chile, and elsewhere, on how to sustainably manage river systems, we: a) highlight the pivotal need to determine the possible process cascades that may profoundly alter the system and b) we suggest to refine hazard and risk assessments accordingly, accounting for the current and future exposure. We advocate, finally, for the adoption of holistic approaches promoting anticipatory adaptation which may result in resilient system responses

Defining and characterizing wood-laden flows in rivers using home videos

Organic material (i.e., trees, branches, wood in general) is commonly neglected among the classical criteria to distinguish flow types, mostly due to the lack of direct observations of flows in which this load is significant. However, in forested basins, large amounts of wood can be transported. Here we define and characterize, for the first time, wood-laden flows and show that these flows may occur repeatedly in a river basin, carrying substantial amount of organic material, with probable impacts on the ecosystem and potential hazards. We propose a novel classification of flows from clear water to hypercongested wood debris flows, according to the composition of sediment, wood and water. Our results will contribute to a better understanding of flow phenomena in forested river basins, which may facilitate the design of better management strategies

Development and exploitation of CK2 inhibitors

A number of quite specific and fairly potent inhibitors of protein kinase CK2, belonging to the classes of condensed polyphenolic compounds, tetrabromobenzimidazole/triazole derivatives and indoloquinazolines are available to date. The structural basis for their selectivity is provided by a hydrophobic pocket adjacent to the ATP/GTP binding site, which in CK2 is smaller than in the majority of other protein kinases due to the presence of a number of residues whose bulky side chains are generally replaced by smaller ones. Consequently a doubly substituted CK2 mutant V66A,I174A is much less sensitive than CK2 wild type to these classes of inhibitors. The most efficient inhibitors both in terms of potency and selectivity are 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzotriazole, TBB (Ki = 0.4 microM), the TBB derivative 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole, DMAT (Ki = 0.040 microM), the emodin related coumarinic compound 8-hydroxy-4-methyl-9-nitrobenzo[g]chromen-2-one, NBC (Ki = 0.22 microM) and the indoloquinazoline derivative ([5-oxo-5,6-dihydroindolo-(1,2a)quinazolin-7-yl]acetic acid), IQA (Ki = 0.17 microM). These inhibitors are cell permeable as judged from ability to block CK2 in living cells and they have been successfully employed, either alone or in combination with CK2 mutants refractory to inhibition, to dissect signaling pathways affected by CK2 and to identify the endogenous substrates of this pleitropic kinase. By blocking CK2 these inhibitors display a remarkable pro-apoptotic efficacy on a number of tumor derived cell lines, a property which can be exploited in perspective to develop antineoplastic drugs

Development and exploitation of CK2 inhibitors

A number of quite specific and fairly potent inhibitors of protein kinase CK2, belonging to the classes of condensed polyphenolic compounds, tetrabromobenzimidazole/triazole derivatives and indoloquinazolines are available to date. The structural basis for their selectivity is provided by a hydrophobic pocket adjacent to the ATP/GTP binding site, which in CK2 is smaller than in the majority of other protein kinases due to the presence of a number of residues whose bulky side chains are generally replaced by smaller ones. Consequently a doubly substituted CK2 mutant V66A,I174A is much less sensitive than CK2 wild type to these classes of inhibitors. The most efficient inhibitors both in terms of potency and selectivity are 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzotriazole, TBB (Ki = 0.4 \u3bcM), the TBB derivative 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H- benzimidazole, DMAT (Ki = 0.040 \u3bcM), the emodin related coumarinic compound 8-hydroxy-4-methyl-9-nitrobenzo[g]chromen-2-one, NBC (Ki = 0.22 \u3bcM) and the indoloquinazoline derivative ([5-oxo-5,6-dihydroindolo-(1,2a)quinazolin-7-yl]acetic acid), IQA (Ki = 0.17 \u3bcM). These inhibitors are cell permeable as judged from ability to block CK2 in living cells and they have been successfully employed, either alone or in combination with CK2 mutants refractory to inhibition, to dissect signaling pathways affected by CK2 and to identify the endogenous substrates of this pleitropic kinase. By blocking CK2 these inhibitors display a remarkable pro-apoptotic efficacy on a number of tumor derived cell lines, a property which can be exploited in perspective to develop antineoplastic drugs. \ua9 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2005