Glycogen Synthesis is Induced in Hypoxia by the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and Promotes Cancer Cell Survival

The hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), in addition to genetic and epigenetic changes, is largely responsible for alterations in cell metabolism in hypoxic tumor cells. This transcription factor not only favors cell proliferation through the metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis and lactic acid production but also stimulates nutrient supply by mediating adaptive survival mechanisms. In this study we showed that glycogen synthesis is enhanced in non-cancer and cancer cells when exposed to hypoxia, resulting in a large increase in glycogen stores. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the mRNA and protein levels of the first enzyme of glycogenesis, phosphoglucomutase1 (PGM1), were increased in hypoxia. We showed that induction of glycogen storage as well as PGM1 expression were dependent on HIF-1 and HIF-2. We established that hypoxia-induced glycogen stores are rapidly mobilized in cells that are starved of glucose. Glycogenolysis allows these “hypoxia-preconditioned” cells to confront and survive glucose deprivation. In contrast normoxic control cells exhibit a high rate of cell death following glucose removal. These findings point to the important role of hypoxia and HIF in inducing mechanisms of rapid adaptation and survival in response to a decrease in oxygen tension. We propose that a decrease in pO2 acts as an “alarm” that prepares the cells to face subsequent nutrient depletion and to survive

The Leukemic Stem Cell Niche: Adaptation to “Hypoxia” versus Oncogene Addiction

Previous studies based on low oxygen concentrations in the incubation atmosphere revealed that metabolic factors govern the maintenance of normal hematopoietic or leukemic stem cells (HSC and LSC). The physiological oxygen concentration in tissues ranges between 0.1 and 5.0%. Stem cell niches (SCN) are placed in tissue areas at the lower end of this range (“hypoxic” SCN), to which stem cells are metabolically adapted and where they are selectively hosted. The data reported here indicated that driver oncogenic proteins of several leukemias are suppressed following cell incubation at oxygen concentration compatible with SCN physiology. This suppression is likely to represent a key positive regulator of LSC survival and maintenance (self-renewal) within the SCN. On the other hand, LSC committed to differentiation, unable to stand suppression because of addiction to oncogenic signalling, would be unfit to home in SCN. The loss of oncogene addiction in SCN-adapted LSC has a consequence of crucial practical relevance: the refractoriness to inhibitors of the biological activity of oncogenic protein due to the lack of their molecular target. Thus, LSC hosted in SCN are suited to sustain the long-term maintenance of therapy-resistant minimal residual disease

Knockout of Vdac1 activates hypoxia-inducible factor through reactive oxygen species generation and induces tumor growth by promoting metabolic reprogramming and inflammation

BACKGROUND: Mitochondria are more than just the powerhouse of cells; they dictate if a cell dies or survives. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that constantly undergo fusion and fission in response to environmental conditions. We showed previously that mitochondria of cells in a low oxygen environment (hypoxia) hyperfuse to form enlarged or highly interconnected networks with enhanced metabolic efficacy and resistance to apoptosis. Modifications to the appearance and metabolic capacity of mitochondria have been reported in cancer. However, the precise mechanisms regulating mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism in cancer are unknown. Since hypoxia plays a role in the generation of these abnormal mitochondria, we questioned if it modulates mitochondrial function. The mitochondrial outer-membrane voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) is at center stage in regulating metabolism and apoptosis. We demonstrated previously that VDAC1 was post-translationally C-terminal cleaved not only in various hypoxic cancer cells but also in tumor tissues of patients with lung adenocarcinomas. Cells with enlarged mitochondria and cleaved VDAC1 were also more resistant to chemotherapy-stimulated cell death than normoxic cancer cells. RESULTS: Transcriptome analysis of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) knocked out for Vdac1 highlighted alterations in not only cancer and inflammatory pathways but also in the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway in normoxia. HIF-1α was stable in normoxia due to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which decreased respiration and glycolysis and maintained basal apoptosis. However, in hypoxia, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in combination with maintenance of respiration and increased glycolysis counterbalanced the deleterious effects of enhanced ROS, thereby allowing Vdac1 (-/-) MEF to proliferate better than wild-type MEF in hypoxia. Allografts of RAS-transformed Vdac1 (-/-) MEF exhibited stabilization of both HIF-1α and HIF-2α, blood vessel destabilization, and a strong inflammatory response. Moreover, expression of Cdkn2a, a HIF-1-target and tumor suppressor gene, was markedly decreased. Consequently, RAS-transformed Vdac1 (-/-) MEF tumors grew faster than wild-type MEF tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells may be regulated by VDAC1 through vascular destabilization and inflammation. These findings provide new perspectives into the understanding of VDAC1 in the function of mitochondria not only in cancer but also in inflammatory diseases

Young children's understanding of disabilities: the influence of development, context and cognition

Throughout Europe, educational support for children with disabilities has moved towards a model of inclusive education. Such policy changes mean that for all children there will be an increased likelihood of working with and encountering children with differing disabilities and difficulties. Previous research had indicated that children had poorly differentiated views of developmental differences. The present study investigated children?s representations of different disabilities. Seventy-nine 8-9 and 10-11 year old Greek children from an urban school and a rural school completed an attitudes toward school inclusion rating scale and a semi-structured interview. Responses to the attitude scale provided generally positive views of educational inclusion. However, children were less positive about activities that might directly reflect upon themselves. Children?s responses in the interviews indicated that they were developing rich representations of differences and diversities. Children had the greatest understanding of sensory and physical disabilities, followed by learning disabilities. There was limited knowledge of dyslexia and hyperactivity and no child was familiar with the term autism. Both groups of children identified a range of developmental difficulties, with older children being more aware of specific learning disabilities, their origin and impact. Results are discussed in terms of children?s developing knowledge systems and the implications for educational practices

A Dialogue between the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and the Tumor Microenvironment

The hypoxia-inducible factor is the key protein responsible for the cellular adaptation to low oxygen tension. This transcription factor becomes activated as a result of a drop in the partial pressure of oxygen, to hypoxic levels below 5% oxygen, and targets a panel of genes involved in maintenance of oxygen homeostasis. Hypoxia is a common characteristic of the microenvironment of solid tumors and, through activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor, is at the center of the growth dynamics of tumor cells. Not only does the microenvironment impact on the hypoxia-inducible factor but this factor impacts on microenvironmental features, such as pH, nutrient availability, metabolism and the extracellular matrix. In this review we discuss the influence the tumor environment has on the hypoxia-inducible factor and outline the role of this factor as a modulator of the microenvironment and as a powerful actor in tumor remodeling. From a fundamental research point of view the hypoxia-inducible factor is at the center of a signaling pathway that must be deciphered to fully understand the dynamics of the tumor microenvironment. From a translational and pharmacological research point of view the hypoxia-inducible factor and its induced downstream gene products may provide information on patient prognosis and offer promising targets that open perspectives for novel “anti-microenvironment” directed therapies

Primary Cilium in Cancer Hallmarks

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Role of Hypoxia and Metabolism in the Development of Neointimal Hyperplasia in Arteriovenous Fistulas

International audienceFor patients with end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis, their vascular access is both their lifeline and their Achilles heel. Despite being recommended as primary vascular access, the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) shows sub-optimal results, with about 50% of patients needing a revision during the year following creation. After the AVF is created, the venous wall must adapt to new environment. While hemodynamic changes are responsible for the adaptation of the extracellular matrix and activation of the endothelium, surgical dissection and mobilization of the vein disrupt the vasa vasorum, causing wall ischemia and oxidative stress. As a consequence, migration and proliferation of vascular cells participate in venous wall thickening by a mechanism of neointimal hyperplasia (NH). When aggressive, NH causes stenosis and AVF dysfunction. In this review we show how hypoxia, metabolism, and flow parameters are intricate mechanisms responsible for the development of NH and stenosis during AVF maturation

Étude de l'expression des biomarqueurs de l'hypoxie et du métabolisme des chordomes

Les chordomes sont des tumeurs rares. Elles représentent 1-4% de toutes les tumeurs osseuses. Ces tumeurs à histogénèse notochordienne sont d'origine mésodermique exprimant des marqueurs épithéliaux. Elles sont dans la majorité des cas de bas grade et d évolutions insidieuses, mais toujours infiltrantes et destructrices pouvant donner des métastases. Au plan thérapeutique, ce sont des lésions réputées pour leur résistance aux cytotoxiques, aux rayonnements ionisants et aux thérapies ciblées actuelles. Leur prise en charge standard consiste en une chirurgie première suivie d'une radiothérapie complémentaire à haute dose. Le taux de contrôle local est de 70% et 50% à 5 ans et 10 ans respectivement et la survie médiane est de 6 ans. Les futurs challenges consistent à mieux définir le volume cible par l imagerie multimodalité pour une radiothérapie personnalisée voire adaptative tenant compte des modifications tumorales morphologiques et métaboliques en cours de traitement. L hypoxie est connue depuis longtemps comme un facteur de radiorésistance aux traitements. En effet, l'hypoxie induit un phénotype agressif avec un haut potentiel métastatique, favorisant la progression tumorale. Ces caractéristiques sont intimement liées à certaines modifications biologiques comme l angiogenèse tumorale et le dérèglement du métabolisme cellulaire du glucose. Une meilleure connaissance de ces facteurs régulateurs des cibles biologiques constitue un vrai challenge pour le clinicien et les industriels dans le cadre du développement de nouvelles thérapeutiques. Dans ce cadre, mon projet de thèse a été construit en trois étapes : (i) nous avons récemment rapporté, pour la première fois, la présence de composantes cellulaires hypermétaboliques et de composantes cellulaires très hypoxiques quiescentes par l'imagerie TEP/CT, (ii) mettre en évidence sur des prélèvements de chordomes provenant de patients, les facteurs régulateurs de l'hypoxie (HIF-1, HIF-2) du métabolisme (GLUT1 ; MCT1 ; MCT4 ; Basigine, CAIX - CAXII) et de l autophagie (BNIP3) par des techniques d'immunohistochimie ; (iii) quantification de ces marqueurs par des techniques de Western Blot. La corrélation de ces résultats biologiques aux résultats cliniques obtenus, montre que les patients présentant des lésions arborant un métabolisme glycolytique et un processus de survie autophagique présentent un phénotype agressif et radiorésistant. La présence de ces mécanismes de survie est fortement corrélée avec un contrôle local faible et une survie réduite. La mise en évidence de ces mécanismes et de leurs facteurs régulateurs nous permet d envisager des traitements ciblés en association avec la chirurgie et la radiothérapie.Chordomas are rare tumors. They represent 1-4% of all bone tumors. These tumors are notochordal histogenesis and mesodermal origin expressing epithelial markers. They are in most cases low grade and have insidious development with destructive and invasive power. Therapeutically, they are known for their resistance to cytotoxic drugs, ionizing radiation and targeted therapies. "Gold standart" treatment for these lesions is a primary surgery followed by high doses of radiotherapy. The local control rate is 70% and 50% at 5 years and 10 years respectively and median survival is 6 years. Future challenges are to define better the target volume by multimodality imaging for radiation therapy or adaptive personalized taking into account changes in tumor metabolic and morphological processing. Hypoxia has long been known as a radioresistance factor. Indeed, hypoxia induces an aggressive phenotype with a high metastatic potential, promoting tumor progression. These characteristics are closely related to certain biological changes such as tumor angiogenesis and disruption of cellular metabolism of glucose. A better understanding of these regulators factors of biological targets is a real challenge for clinicians and industry in the development of new therapies. In this context, my thesis project was built in three steps: (i) we recently reported, for the first time, the presence of quiescent and hypoxic cellular components and hypermetabolic cellular components by PET / CT, (ii) highlight on samples from patients with chordoma, the hypoxia regulatory factors (HIF-1, HIF-2) metabolism (GLUT1, MCT1, MCT4; Basigine, CAIX - CAXII) and autophagy (BNIP3) by immunohistochemistry, (iii) quantification of these markers by immunoblotting techniques. The correlation of these laboratory findings to clinical results showed that patients with lesions displaying a glycolytic metabolism and survival autophagic process have an aggressive and radioresistant phenotype. The presence of these mechanisms is strongly correlated with poor local control and survival reduced. The highlight of these mechanisms and their regulatory factors allow us to consider targeted therapies in combination with surgery and radiotherapy.NICE-Bibliotheque electronique (060889901) / SudocSudocFranceF

2019 : l’Odyssée de l’oxygène

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