4,787 research outputs found
Standing Alfvén waves with m ? 1 in an axisymmetric magnetosphere excited by a non-stationary source
International audienceAs a continuation of our earlier paper, we consider here the case of the excitation of standing Alfvén waves by a source of the type of sudden impulse. It is shown that, following excitation by such a source, a given magnetic shell will exhibit oscillations with a variable frequency which increases from the shell's poloidal to toroidal frequency. Simultaneously, the oscillations will also switch over from poloidally (radially) to toroidally (azimuthally) polarized. With a reasonably large attenuation, only the start of this process, the stage of poloidal oscillations, will be observed in the ionosphere
Standing Alfvén waves with m ? 1 in an axisymmetric magnetosphere excited by a stochastic source
International audienceIn the framework of an axisymmetric magnetospheric model, we have constructed a theory for broad-band standing Alfvén waves with large azimuthal wave number m » 1 excited by a stochastic source. External currents in the ionosphere are taken as the oscillation source. The source with statistical properties of "white noise" is considered at length. It is shown that such a source drives oscillations which also have the "white noise" properties. The spectrum of such oscillations for each harmonic of standing Alfvén waves has two maxima: near the poloidal and toroidal eigenfrequencies of the magnetic shell of the observation. In the case of a small attenuation in the ionosphere the maximum near the toroidal frequency is dominated, and the oscillations are nearly toroidally polarized. With a large attenuation, a maximum is dominant near the poloidal frequency, and the oscillations are nearly poloidally polarized
A Quantum Mechanical Model of the Reissner-Nordstrom Black Hole
We consider a Hamiltonian quantum theory of spherically symmetric,
asymptotically flat electrovacuum spacetimes. The physical phase space of such
spacetimes is spanned by the mass and the charge parameters and of the
Reissner-Nordstr\"{o}m black hole, together with the corresponding canonical
momenta. In this four-dimensional phase space, we perform a canonical
transformation such that the resulting configuration variables describe the
dynamical properties of Reissner-Nordstr\"{o}m black holes in a natural manner.
The classical Hamiltonian written in terms of these variables and their
conjugate momenta is replaced by the corresponding self-adjoint Hamiltonian
operator, and an eigenvalue equation for the ADM mass of the hole, from the
point of view of a distant observer at rest, is obtained. Our eigenvalue
equation implies that the ADM mass and the electric charge spectra of the hole
are discrete, and the mass spectrum is bounded below. Moreover, the spectrum of
the quantity is strictly positive when an appropriate self-adjoint
extension is chosen. The WKB analysis yields the result that the large
eigenvalues of the quantity are of the form , where
is an integer. It turns out that this result is closely related to
Bekenstein's proposal on the discrete horizon area spectrum of black holes.Comment: 37 pages, Plain TeX, no figure
Efficiency of the Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus Dissolution in Patients with Persistent Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation with Warfarin or Direct Oral Anticoagulants Therapy
Aim. Compare the incidence of the left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus dissolution in patients with persistent nonvalvular atrial fibrillation receiving warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC).Materials and methods. 68 patients with persistent nonvalvular atrial fibrillation were included in a retrospective study (age was 59.7±9.8 years, 60.3% men), in whom at least one repeated transesophageal echocardiographic examination was performed after detecting a thrombus. After detecting a thrombus in the LAA, 37 (54.4%) patients started or continued taking warfarin in doses that ensure the INR maintenance at the level of 2-3, 14 (20.6%) started or continued taking dabigatran at a dose of 150 mg 2 times/day, 14 (20.6%) started or continued taking rivaroxaban 20 mg 1 time/day and 3 (4.4%) started or continued taking apixaban 5 mg 2 times/day. Repeated transesophageal echocardiographic examination was performed on average 33.3±14.2 days after the first one.Results. Dissolution of a previously identified thrombus was found in 26 (83.9%) of 31 patients receiving DOAC and in 19 (51.4%) of 37 patients receiving warfarin (p=0.011). The logistic regression analysis showed that the chances of a thrombus dissolution in LAA while taking DOAC are 14.8 times (95% confidence interval [CI] was 2.469-88.72) higher than while taking warfarin. The size and the rate at which blood is expelled from the LAA also have an independent influence on the chances of thrombus dissolution. An increase in the size of a thrombus by 1 mm reduces the chances of a thrombus dissolution by 1.136 (95% CI was 1.040-1.244) times, and an increase in the rate of blood expulsion from the LAA by 1 cm/sec increases these chances by 1.105 (95% CI was 1.003-1.219) times.Conclusion. In the present study, the incidence of the LAA thrombus dissolution in patients with persistent nonvalvular atrial fibrillation while receiving DOAC was higher than while receiving warfarin
Development of a model of cyber security management for automated systems
A model of a system of managing information security of automated data processing systems of critical application is offered in the article. The model allows to
evaluate the level of risk for the information security and provides support of decision-making on the counteraction to the unauthorized access to the information circulating in the information systems
Population of isomers in decay of the giant dipole resonance
The value of an isomeric ratio (IR) in N=81 isotones (Ba, Ce,
Nd and Sm) is studied by means of the ( reaction.
This quantity measures a probability to populate the isomeric state in respect
to the ground state population. In ( reactions, the giant dipole
resonance (GDR) is excited and after its decay by a neutron emission, the
nucleus has an excitation energy of a few MeV. The forthcoming decay
by direct or cascade transitions deexcites the nucleus into an isomeric or
ground state. It has been observed experimentally that the IR for Ba
and Ce equals about 0.13 while in two heavier isotones it is even less
than half the size. To explain this effect, the structure of the excited states
in the energy region up to 6.5 MeV has been calculated within the Quasiparticle
Phonon Model. Many states are found connected to the ground and isomeric states
by , and transitions. The single-particle component of the wave
function is responsible for the large values of the transitions. The calculated
value of the isomeric ratio is in very good agreement with the experimental
data for all isotones. A slightly different value of maximum energy with which
the nuclei rest after neutron decay of the GDR is responsible for the reported
effect of the A-dependence of the IR.Comment: 16 pages, 4 Fig
Building blocks of a black hole
What is the nature of the energy spectrum of a black hole ? The algebraic
approach to black hole quantization requires the horizon area eigenvalues to be
equally spaced. As stressed long ago by by Mukhanov, such eigenvalues must be
exponentially degenerate with respect to the area quantum number if one is to
understand black hole entropy as reflecting degeneracy of the observable
states. Here we construct the black hole states by means of a pair of "creation
operators" subject to a particular simple algebra, a slight generalization of
that for the harmonic oscillator. We then prove rigorously that the n-th area
eigenvalue is exactly 2 raised to the n-fold degenerate. Thus black hole
entropy qua logarithm of the number of states for fixed horizon area comes out
proportional to that area.Comment: PhysRevTeX, 14 page
Epicardial obesity and atrial fibrillation: emphasis on atrial fat depot
The studies, performed with MRI and CT, showed that the increase of fat, immediately adjacent to the myocardium (epicardial fat) is correlated more strongly with the risk of atrial fibrillation than the general or abdominal obesity. According to some studies, epicardial fat around the left atrium is a strong predictor of the development at atrial fibrillation. Also, the amount of the fat is associated with the effectiveness of cardioversion and the risk of developing thromboembolic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. The number of such works is small, since tomographic examinations are not needed if intra-atrial thrombosis is suspected, and transthoracic echocardiograthy does not allow visualization of atrial fat. However, transesophageal echocardiography is widely used in patients with atrial fibrillation and allows to measure the structures that serve as depots of epicardial fat, namely the interatrial septum and left lateral ridge. Accumulation of epicardial fat leads to thickening of these structures. This can be used to study the relationship between epicardial obesity and the risk of thromboembolic complications in patients with atrial fibrillations
Left atrial strain in assessing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in hypertensive patients
Aim. To compare the results of diagnosing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in patients with hypertension (HTN) according left atrial (LA) strain values with the results obtained using the H2FPEF score and diastolic stress testing (DST).Material and methods. The study included 293 patients with previously established HTN who were examined due to complaints of shortness of breath and/or palpitations (men, 97 (33,5%), mean age, 62,0 (55,0; 67,0) years). All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography with the assessment of LA strain parameters and probability of HFpEF using the H2FPEF score. Eighty five patients with an intermediate probability of HFpEF underwent DST.Results. A low probability of HFpEF according to the H2FPEF score was registered in 35 (11,9%) patients, uncertain — in 206 (70,3%), high — in 52 (17,7%). DST was negative in 43 (50,6%) and positive in 42 (49,4%) patients with an intermediate probability of HFpEF. LA strain in the reservoir phase in patients with a low probability of HFpEF averaged (median and interquartile interval) 28,0 (23,6; 31,5)%, while in patients with an intermediate probability and negative DST — 24,0 (22,0; 26,8)%, with an intermediate probability and positive DST — 20,0 (18,0; 21,0)%, and with a high probability of HFpEF — 19,6 (16,9; 21,8)%. HFpEF was diagnosed in 94 patients, including 52 with a high probability on the H2FPEF score and 42 with an intermediate probability and positive DST. The diagnosis of HFpEF was ruled out in 78 patients, including 35 with a low probability on the H2FPEF score and 43 with an intermediate probability and negative DST. Further, 172 patients with confirmed or excluded HFpEF were randomly divided into two equal cohorts. In the training cohort, HFpEF was diagnosed in 44 (51,2%) patients, in the validation cohort — in 50 (58,1%). ROC analysis performed on the training cohort for the LA strain in reservoir phase showed AUC of 0,920 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0,842-0,968) and cut-off point of 21,5%. In the training cohort, the results of HFpEF diagnosis using the indicated criterion coincided with those using H2FPEF score and DST in 86,1% (95% CI, 77,2-91,8) of cases. The Cohen’s kappa was 0,721 (95% C,I 0,575-0,868). In the validation cohort, agreement was observed in 84,9% (95% CI 75,8-91,0) of cases with Cohen’s kappa of 0,702 (95% CI 0,553-0,851).Conclusion. In hypertensive patients, the diagnosis of HFpEF made on the basis of a decrease in the LA strain in reservoir phase to ≤21,5%, is in good agreement with the diagnosis made using the H2FPEF score and DST
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