Effect of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis on the Yield and Quality of Rainfed Rye (Secale cereal L.) under Varying End Season Rainfall

Supplementary irrigation along with mycorrhizal symbiosis is one of the effective methods to increase quality and quantity of performance. To evaluate mycorrhizal symbiosis of rainfed Rye (Secale cereal L.) plants, a 2-year factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at West Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center during 2014 and 2015. Treatments were rain interrupted (30 May, 13 June and 27 June), mycorrhizal symbiosis (non-inoculated plants and inoculation with Glomus intraradices) and irrigation (rainfed and one time supplementary irrigation).Mycorrhizal symbiosis under supplementary irrigation significantly increased the forage phosphorus, calcium and ash, and grain potassium and protein more than rainfed condition. The mycorrhizal symbiosis enhanced the forage and grain quality. However, the yield enhancement under supplemental irrigation was better than rainfed condition. The highest grain protein concentration (18/43 %) belonged to mycorrhizal plants exposed to rainfall continuing 20 May. The highest grain yield in the second year under supplementary irrigation of about 1412.96 kg/ha, which have precipitation until 17 June. In general, rainfed rye forage and grain quality were improved with one time supplemental irrigation, and mycorrhizal relationship affedcted the grain quality and yield regardless rainfall interruption. In mycorrhizal rye plants, rainfall continuing until 17 June with supplemental irrigation was increased the grain yield (23 %) more than that rainfed condition in early rain interrupted

The assessment quality of effluent from shrimp aquaculture site in Gwater

Present study was conducted in shrimp farm located in east of Chabahar in Sistan and Balouchestan province from August 2001 until May 2003. Fourteen stations at three locations (i.e. supply channel, drainage channel and Gwatr Gulf) were selected to determine physical and chemical factors such as; temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, silicate, total suspended solid and turbidity. Sampling was conducted twice a month during the shrimp culturing period and monthly at other times. Water samples were collected every two weeks to determine Chemical and Physical factors, Chlorophyll a, Phytoplankton and Zooplankton. Sediment samples were collected seasonally to examine Macrobenthos, Grain size and Total Organic Matter. The results revealed different bioenvironmental area in the three locations (i.e. supply channel, drainage channel and Gwatr gulf) over the study period. One-way analyze of variance of chemical and physical factors indicated significant difference between different times as well as different stations (p<0.05). The negative relationship was observed between the culturing production area and the amount of average dissolved oxygen, pH and total suspend solid. An increase in the culturing production area in 2002 as compared to that of 2001 causes a decrease in the amount of these factors. However, it dose indicates positive relationship with nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, transparency and chlorophyll. Forty nine phytoplankton genus were identified, which mainly belong to diatoma, dinoflagellate and green blue algae. Diatom was dominated among these groups. Diatom and green-blue algae and diatom comprised %79, %69 and %64 of phytoplankton flora respectively in supply channel, Gwater Gulf and drainage channel. Copepod and thintinnida were the major groups of zooplankton. High abundance of bivalve, Polychaetes and amphipoda were found in supply channel, Gwatr Gulf and drainage channel respectively. Analysis of grain size showed the existence of sandy sediment in Gulf of Gwatr and sandy-loom in supply channel. Drainage channel sediment found to be sandy-loom, sandy-silty-loom and sand loom. Among three locations, the highest TOM was found in drainage channel. In last location, production area in 2002 increased as compared to that of 2001, which showed negative relationship with salinity, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and chlorophyll a. Drainage of the Gwatr s shrimp farm did not cause any thermal contamination in the location. Shrimp aquaculture activities caused an increase in the average of salinity, range of pH in the Gwatr Gulf

Evaluation and statistical optimization of a method for methylated cell-free fetal DNA extraction from maternal plasma

Purpose: Methylated cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in maternal plasma can potentially be used as a biomarker for accurate noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) of fetal disorders. Recovery and purification of cffDNA are key steps for downstream applications. In this study, we aimed to developed and evaluated different aspects of an optimized method and compared its efficiency with common methods used for extraction of methylated cffDNA. Methods: Single factor experiments, Plackett-Burman (PB) design, and response surface methodology (RSM) were conducted for conventional Triton/Heat/Phenol (cTHP) method optimization. The total cell-free DNA (cfDNA) was extracted from pooled maternal plasma using the optimized method called the Triton/Heat/Phenol/Glycogen (THPG), cTHP method, a column-based kit, and a magnetic bead-based kit. In the next step, methylated cfDNA from the extracted total cfDNA was enriched using a methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) kit. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed on the RASSF1 gene and hyper region to determine the genomic equivalents per milliliter (GEq/ml) values of the methylated cfDNA and cffDNA, respectively. Results: The optimum values of the significant factors affecting cfDNA extraction from 200 μl of plasma were 3% SDS, 1% Triton X-100, 0.9 μg/μl glycogen, and 0.3 M sodium acetate. The GEq/ml values of methylated cffDNA extracted using the THPG method were significantly higher than for the tested extraction methods (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results indicate that the THPG method is more efficient than the other tested methods for extraction of low copy number methylated cffDNA from a small volume of maternal plasm

The effectiveness of artificial reefs for rehabilitation and production of fisheries in Iran

An artificial Reef is a fabricated, underwater structure, typically built for promoting marine life in areas of generally featureless bottom. Creating artificial reefs began from 2000 in southern provinces in Iran. This study has surveyed about the Bushehr and Khozestan states. The objective is to determine the effectiveness of artificial reefs in attracting and enhancing the production different aquatics through increasing of fish assemblage and fishery. The performance of artificial reefs deployed off the coast of the Persian Gulf in 10 to 15m, was evaluated. The reefs comprised of seven artificial and one control (natural) statistical tests plan in three replicates. Three types of artificial reefs were used in this study. That two were designed reefs and one was not designed or used material. The experimental plan consisted (i) Reef ball (R), designed hemispherical shaped; (ii) Laneh Mahi (L), designed pyramid shaped; (iii) Used material (U); (iv) mixed (RL); (v) mixed (RU); (vi) mixed (LU); (vii) mixed (RLU); and (viii) control site (CS). Trap nets and under-water visual census surveys were adopted for seasonal sampling of fish aggregation. Results of statistical analysis using ANOVA and T-test of the mean Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) showed significant difference (p<0.05) in term of computing number of fish for aggregation of fishes. The study has concluded that reef deployments have influenced favorably the fish communities and fish harvests. Therefore, the artificial reefs, especially the mixed RLU, are appropriate tools for future fishing enhancement in the Persian Gulf of Iran

Investigating the application of spawning shelter of cattle fish for its enhancement of resources

In this project, four types of structures, of 40 number was investigated. In a six month period, the structures were inspected 13 times. The total weight and number of eggs hatched on the structures were estimated to be 214.1kg and 94944 respectively. The weight and number of eggs settled on trap types were 141.9 and 60982 respectively, whereas, The eggs on cubical structures were estimated 56.7kg and 27088 ,on pyramid structures 7.9 and 3941 and then also were 6.9 kg and 3280 eggs on cylindrical structures respectively. It is also estimated that 358 eggs were settled on The connecting line weighting 0.5kg. In this report four types of structures was compared. As a result, the trap, cubical, pyramid and cylindrical structures had contributed to the settelment of 66, 27, 4 and 3 percent of eggs in weight. While 64, 29, 4 and 3 percent of eggs in number was settled on these structures respectively. Thus it is concluded that the trap structures fallowed by cubical ones had acted more effectively relative to other two. If based on the results of other studies, we assume 80% survival rate of eggs and average weight of 1.2 kg of survival growth cuttlefish, then it can be calculated that 160 structures can contribute to 91 tons increase in cuttlefish stock in one area of 4 to 5 acre. It is obvious that by planning an annual increase of the structures, it is possible to attract more spawners to spawn and produce more larvae. Moreover,The old structures will be covered by corals and barnacles and become Amore stalie and attractive spawning ground for cuttlefish

Versatile automated continuous flow system (VersAFlo) for bioanalysis and bioprocess control

Flow injection analysis provides a convenient platform for the use of biosensors in the monitoring of bio-processes. A major requirement in bioprocess monitoring is real time information about various process parameters like concentration of products and substrates, flow rates, and injection volumes. Depending on the application, the monitoring requirements vary and this results in a need for different measurement flow schemes. Common flow schemes employed with biosensing are FIA, SIA, BIA and multi-commuted flow. In this work, a versatile platform to employ biosensors for continuous analysis of bioprocesses with precise control of flow, volume and defined events has been developed. The system is based on National Instruments LabVIEW and employs piston-, peristaltic pumps, motorized injection valves and 2-way and 3-way solenoid valves. The system supports data acquisition, controls interface with devices and visualization of data from multiple detectors used in biosensing. The system was successfully evaluated for the analysis of a model analyte, human immunoglobulin G (IgG), employing continuous flow-ELISA in competitive mode with optical detection. The flow-immunosensor showed very good linearity; from 5 to 400 mu g/ml. The system had excellent reproducibility and stability with a relative standard deviation of 4.75%. The immunosensor was also subjected to a model first order kinetics of target analyte concentration and the results from the sensor agreed well with the estimated concentration. The flexibility of the system gives that different flow configurations easily can be set up and the dynamic range of analysis can be adapted by varying different flow conditions for measurement, thereby controlling different reaction times in the biosensor system. The system could be useful for online analysis and control of bioprocesses employing biosensors. Further, with automated data collection and analysis, the system provides excellent basis for cross platform data communication for integrated control. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Single and double versus intensive phototherapy in term newborns with severe hyperbilirubinemia

Background: Hyperbilirubinemia is one of the most common problems in term newborns and the phototherapy is the most widespread treatment for lowering bilirubin concentration in neonates. The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of conventional phototherapy, double phototherapy and intensive phototherapy in decreasing serum bilirubin. Methods: This interventional study was done on 60 neonates divided randomly in three groups. Infants in group 1 received conventional phototherapy, in group 2 double phototherapy and in group 3 intensive phototherapy. The criteria for inclusion in the study were a weight >2500 gr and serum bilirubin level ≥18 mg/dl. Serum bilirubin level, rectal temperature and specific gravity of urine were evaluated 6 and 12 hours after phototherapy. The data were analyzed with SPSS and Anova soft wares. Findings: The mean total bilirubin level of single, double and intensive phototherapy groups at the beginning of therapy were 19.7±1.6, 20.3±2.4 and 21.1±2.0 mg/dl respectively, there was no significant difference between the values. After 12 hours of therapy the mean total bilirubin levels of single, double and intensive phototherapy group were 18.0±2.2, 15.7±2.3 and 16.8±2.5 mg/dl respectively. Serum bilirubin concentration decreased during phototherapy (p=0.000) and there were significant differences between three groups (p>0.014). Body temperature increased in double phototherapy group (p=0.001), but it was stable in other groups. There was no significant difference between the groups (p=0.6). And no significant difference of the mean value of urine specific gravity in the three groups was observed after 12 hours of phototherapy. Conclusion: Our study showed that intensive phototherapy is more effective than single and safer than double phototherapy in reduction of bilirubin in jaundiced newborns

The effects of personal, environmental, and genetic factors on epidemic of coronavirus disease-19: A review of the current literature

Coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 is a viral disease that broke out in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization has been forced to declare a public health emergency due to the global outbreak of COVID-19. The concerns about the COVID-19 disease are the rapid increase in the number of patients as well as the number of deaths compared with severe acute respiratory syndrome disease. Given that there is a remarkable variability amongst people for COVID-19 infection, there really is the possibility that there will be genetic and environmental effects, it is a need for their role to be fully clarified as soon as possible. Numerous studies have been performed on the on the stability of COVID-19 virus in different environmental conditions including temperature and humidity. In this study, we aimed to discuss in detail the benefits and effects of these factors on COVID-19. Some studies have confirmed the relationship between environmental conditions and disease transmission and others have rejected. Furthermore, not all COVID-19 exposed people are infected and not all infected patients develop severe respiratory complications. It is quite likely that these disparities are genetically mediated, in part. People who may be occupationally exposed to this virus may be due to different reasons, including lack of health, lack of knowledge and attitude, and working conditions. Reducing human-to-human contact by increasing the level of public health in the community as well as maintaining social distance plays a key role in prevention of COVID-19 disease. However, many aspects of COVID-19 are still unknown and require further and extensive studies. © 2020 Salar Bakhtiyari, Amin Mirzaei, Mohsen Jalilian, Sajad Mazlomi,