Fig. 1. A in Population And Reproductive Features Of Aphodius (Trichaphodius) Pisthius Bates And Cephalocyclus Hogei Bates (Coleoptera, Aphodiidae: Aphodiinae)

Fig. 1. A) Variation in mean monthly temperatures and total monthly precipitation, data from Coscomatepec station, Veracruz, from June 1998 to July 1999 (data supplied by Comisión Nacional del Agua del Estado de Veracruz [National Water Commission, State of Veracruz]). B) Monthly population abundances of Aphodius opisthius and Cephalocyclus hogei from June 1998 to July 1999.Published as part of <i>Magdalena, Cruz R., Imelda, Martínez M. & Mayvi, Alvarado O., 2002, Population And Reproductive Features Of Aphodius (Trichaphodius) Pisthius Bates And Cephalocyclus Hogei Bates (Coleoptera, Aphodiidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 221-235 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 56 (2)</i> on page 224, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X(2002)056[0221:PARFOA]2.0.CO;2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10103116">http://zenodo.org/record/10103116</a&gt

Fig. 6 in Population And Reproductive Features Of Aphodius (Trichaphodius) Pisthius Bates And Cephalocyclus Hogei Bates (Coleoptera, Aphodiidae: Aphodiinae)

Fig. 6. Monthly proportions of A) female, and B) male Cephalocyclus hogei in different stages of sexual maturity (IM, immature females or males; M, maturing females or males; MBO, mature females before oviposition; MAO, mature females after oviposition; M+, mature males). n), number of individuals studied.Published as part of <i>Magdalena, Cruz R., Imelda, Martínez M. & Mayvi, Alvarado O., 2002, Population And Reproductive Features Of Aphodius (Trichaphodius) Pisthius Bates And Cephalocyclus Hogei Bates (Coleoptera, Aphodiidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 221-235 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 56 (2)</i> on page 231, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X(2002)056[0221:PARFOA]2.0.CO;2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10103116">http://zenodo.org/record/10103116</a&gt

Fig. 3. A in Population And Reproductive Features Of Aphodius (Trichaphodius) Pisthius Bates And Cephalocyclus Hogei Bates (Coleoptera, Aphodiidae: Aphodiinae)

Fig. 3. A) Variation in length of basal oocytes in female Aphodius opisthius depending on stage of sexual maturity (IM, immature females; M, maturing females; M+, mature females; WBO, females without basal oocytes; 1OV, 2OV, and 3OV, females with 1, 2, and 3 oocytes per ovariole, and the basal oocyte without chorion; BO, females with mature basal oocytes with chorion, before oviposition; AO, females with basal oocytes without chorion, after oviposition). B) Variation in male A. opisthius depending on stage of sexual maturity (IM, immature males; M, maturing males; M+, mature males), including diameter of testes follicles, TF, and volume of glandular reservoirs, GR, and concentration of secretions in the glandular reservoirs, from lesser to greater (‾, +, ++, +++) (BC, before copulation; AC, after copulation). (n), number of individuals examined.Published as part of <i>Magdalena, Cruz R., Imelda, Martínez M. & Mayvi, Alvarado O., 2002, Population And Reproductive Features Of Aphodius (Trichaphodius) Pisthius Bates And Cephalocyclus Hogei Bates (Coleoptera, Aphodiidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 221-235 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 56 (2)</i> on page 227, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X(2002)056[0221:PARFOA]2.0.CO;2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10103116">http://zenodo.org/record/10103116</a&gt

Denervation and castration effects on the cross-sectional area of pubococcygeus muscle fibers in male rats

The number of fibers in skeletal muscles changes little through life; however, the cross-sectional area of its fibers is modified as result of denervation and in some muscles by castration. The pubococcygeus muscle (Pcm) participates in micturition and ejaculatory processes and its fibers cross-sectional area is reduced in castrated rats, but denervation effects remained unknown. Here, we used a model in which unilateral denervation of this muscle in gonadally intact and castrated male rats, allowed us to explore the neural and gonadal hormone effects on the cross-sectional area of its fibers. Denervation significantly reduced the mean cross-sectional area values; likewise, the percentage distribution of its fibers. We found that castration had a greater effect than denervation. Castration resulted in a lack of fibers from 2,000 to 3,999 μm(2) , while in denervation it was from 2,500 to 3,999 μm(2) . It was interpreted that the castration effect was due to a lack of the direct gonadal hormone effect on muscle fibers, and to a reduction of the indirect hormonal action in its neuromuscular complex. In denervated Pcm of gonadally intact animals these effects were present; however, in denervated but castrated animals these were absent. Thus, combined surgeries resulted in the lowest mean cross-sectional area values with a restricted fiber distribution from 500 to 1,499 μm(2) . In conclusion, the study in this important muscle showed that cross-sectional area of its fibers depends on neural and direct/indirect gonadal hormone effects.Peer reviewe

Hormonal treatment effects on the cross-sectional area of pubococcygeus muscle fibers after denervation and castration in male rats

We explore the interaction of muscle innervation and gonadal hor- mone action in the pubococcygeus muscle (Pcm) after castration and hor- mone replacement. Male Wistar rats were castrated and the Pcm was unilaterally denervated; after 2 or 6 weeks, the cross-sectional area (CSA) of Pcm fibers was assessed. Additional groups of castrated rats were used to examine the effects of hormone replacement. At 2 weeks post surgeries, rats were implanted with Silastic capsules containing either dihydrotes- tosterone (DHT), estradiol benzoate (EB) or both hormones, and the CSA of Pcm fibers was assessed after 4 weeks of hormone treatment. At 2 weeks post surgeries, gonadectomy without hormone replacement resulted in reductions in the CSA of Pcm fibers, and denervation com- bined with castration increased the magnitude of this effect; further reductions in CSA were present at 6 weeks post surgeries, but again denervation combined with castration increased the magnitude of this effect. Hormone replacement with DHT resulted in hypertrophy in the CSA of nondenervated muscles compared to those of intact normal males, but this effect was attenuated in denervated muscles. Hormone replace- ment with EB treatment prevented further castration-induced reductions in CSA of nondenervated muscles, but denervation prevented this effect. Similar to that seen with treatment with EB alone, combined treatment with both DHT and EB prevented further reductions in CSA of Pcm fibers in nondenervated muscles, but again denervation attenuated this effect. Thus, while hormone replacement can reverse or prevent further castration-induced atrophy of Pcm fibers, these effects are depen- dent on muscle innervation. Anat Rec, 300:1327–1335, 2017. VC 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Salivary Cortisol in Guide Dogs

Guide dogs work for extended periods and are exposed to multiple environmental stimuli that could lead to higher stress compared with companion dogs. Cortisol is the main hormone associated with stress in most mammals. This study included seven guide dogs and seven same-breed dogs that were trained as guide dogs but became companion dogs to compare their salivary cortisol levels before, during, and after a period of social isolation and exposure to a 110-decibel gunshot sound. Each dog was left alone in an empty room for 60 min. After 15 min, the dogs were exposed to the sound. We collected four saliva samples from each dog. The first one was taken 5 min before starting the social isolation period, and the following ones at 15, 30, and 45 min after the test started. A two-way ANOVA was used to compare the group effect and the time effect during isolation and noise exposure. The results showed higher levels of cortisol in the guide dogs compared with the companion dogs throughout the test. No differences were found in time or in the interaction between time and group. This suggests that being a guide dog increases levels of basal cortisol when compared with dogs that live as companion animals and family members