Urethral duplication.

Urethral duplication is a rare congenital anomaly. Although a number of theories have been proposed to describe the embryology of the condition, the actual mechanism of the disorder is still unclear. We report here a case of urethral duplication in a 11-year-old boy complaining of a double stream, and review the current literature on this rare entity.</p

Frequency in the anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery with angiography in a Turkish population.

We estimated the frequency of anatomic variations in origin of the left coronary artery in a Turkish population by analyzing the angiographic data of 10,042 consecutive adult patients undergoing coronary angiography. Among 10,042 adult patients, 5 (0.04%) patients (4 men and 1 woman, age range 40-74, median 58 years old) had anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery. The left main coronary artery arose from the right coronary sinus of Valsalva in 2 (0.019%) patients (both of them had a retro-aortic course), from above the left coronary sinus of Valsalva in 2 (0.019%) patients, and from above the non-coronary (posterior)-left coronary commisure in 1 (0.009%) patient. Anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery is potentially a serious condition, as it can lead to myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death under physical exertion. Therefore, greater effort for early detection and surgical repair of this anomaly are warranted. The angiographic recognition of anomalous origin of this vessel may prove useful for physicians dealing with diagnosis and treatment of anomalies of the left main coronary artery.</p

Bilateral triple renal arteries

Knowledge of the variations of the renal artery has grown in importance with increa-sing numbers of renal transplants, vascular reconstructions and various surgical and radio logic tech-niques being performed in recent years. We report the presence of bilateral triple renal arteries, dis-covered on routine dissection of a male cadaver. On the right side, one additional renal artery ori-ginated from the abdominal aorta (distributed to superior pole of the kidney) and one other ori-ginated from the right common iliac artery (distributed to lower pole of the kidney). On the left side, both additional renal arteries originated from the abdominal aorta. Our observation has been com-pared with variations described in the literature and their clinical importance has been emphasized

Clinical significance and morphometric analysis of the periorbital foramina

The location of the frontal (FF), supraorbital (SOF), and infraorbital (IOF) foramina relative to frequently encountered anatomic landmarks in (Turkish) dry skulls were determined, with measurements taken from both sides of 45 dry skulls. The width and lengths of the left and right FF were 2.8 and 3.1 mm, and 1.9 and 2.2 mm, respectively: the widths and lengths of the SOF and IOF were 2.9 and 2.1 mm, and 3.7 and 3.9 mm. The distances from the center of the FF and SOF to the nasal midline were 19.3 mm and 25.8 mm; from the FF to the angulus oculi medialis 7.6 mm on the left and 6.4 mm on the right; from the SOF to the angulus oculi medialis 12.6 mm: from the center of FF to the center of the SOF 9.2 mm; from the center of the SOF to the temporal crest of the frontal bone 26.1 mm; from the center of the IOF to the nasal midline, maxillary midline, infraorbital margin, and zygomaticomaxillar suture 46.8, 27.2, 7.3, 10.2 mm respectively; between the superior walls of the infraorbital and supraorbital foramina 45.4 mm. The IOF was classified as oval, round, or semilunar, whereas the location of the FF, SOF, and IOF were graded I of VI in relation to the roots of the maxillary teeth. Accessory SOF and IOF were observed on both the left and right sides. The angle subtended by a line through the anterior nasal spine and IOF and the horizontal plane (AIOF) was 30.5 degrees on the left and 32.5 degrees on the right. A new parameter, the naso-orbital angle, was 72.1 degrees on the left and 70 degrees on the right and can be used to locate the relative positions of the SOF and IOF. The data presented here will help in the planning of surgical procedures and the application of local anesthetics