Early Developmental Processes and the Continuity of Risk for Underage Drinking and Problem Drinking

Developmental pathways to underage drinking emerge before the second decade of life. Many scientists, however, as well as the general public, continue to focus on proximal influences surrounding the initiation of drinking in adolescence, such as social, behavioral, and genetic variables related to availability and ease of acquisition of the drug, social reinforcement for its use, and individual differences in drug responses. In the past 20 years, a considerable body of evidence has accumulated on the early (often much earlier than the time of the first drink) predictors and pathways of youthful alcohol use and abuse. These early developmental influences involve numerous risk, vulnerability, promotive, and protective processes. Some of these factors are not related directly to alcohol use, whereas others involve learning and expectancies about later drug use that are shaped by social experience. The salience of these factors (identifiable in early childhood) for understanding the course and development of adult alcohol and other drug use disorders is evident from the large and growing body of findings on their ability to predict adult clinical outcomes. This review summarizes the evidence on early pathways toward and away from underage drinking, with a particular focus on the risk and protective factors and the mediators and moderators of risk for underage drinking that become evident during the preschool and early school years. It is guided by a developmental perspective on the aggregation of risk and protection and examines the contributions of biological, psychological, and social processes within the context of normal development.Implications of this evidence for policy, intervention, and future research are discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65125/1/UM 33 Zucker2008_EarlyDevelopmentalProc.Pediatrics_InPress_.pd

Relationship Between Medication Adherence and Treatment Outcomes: The COMBINE Study

Within the alcoholism field, there is mounting evidence supporting an important relationship between medication adherence and drinking outcomes. Little is known however, about the complex relationships between medication and treatment variables and drinking outcomes. The present paper reports on the differential impact of medication adherence and treatment factors on drinking outcomes. Data derived from the COMBINE Study was used to investigate the interrelationships between medication adherence, combination treatments and drinking outcomes

DataPerf: Benchmarks for Data-Centric AI Development

Machine learning research has long focused on models rather than datasets, and prominent datasets are used for common ML tasks without regard to the breadth, difficulty, and faithfulness of the underlying problems. Neglecting the fundamental importance of data has given rise to inaccuracy, bias, and fragility in real-world applications, and research is hindered by saturation across existing dataset benchmarks. In response, we present DataPerf, a community-led benchmark suite for evaluating ML datasets and data-centric algorithms. We aim to foster innovation in data-centric AI through competition, comparability, and reproducibility. We enable the ML community to iterate on datasets, instead of just architectures, and we provide an open, online platform with multiple rounds of challenges to support this iterative development. The first iteration of DataPerf contains five benchmarks covering a wide spectrum of data-centric techniques, tasks, and modalities in vision, speech, acquisition, debugging, and diffusion prompting, and we support hosting new contributed benchmarks from the community. The benchmarks, online evaluation platform, and baseline implementations are open source, and the MLCommons Association will maintain DataPerf to ensure long-term benefits to academia and industry.Comment: NeurIPS 2023 Datasets and Benchmarks Trac

Sans titres: Anthologie collective Français 335 (automne 2011)

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/89432/1/sans_titres.pd

Conscientiousness, Career Success, and Longevity: A Lifespan Analysis

Markers of executive functioning, such as prudent planning for the future and impulse control, are related to conscientiousness and may be central to both occupational success and health outcomes. The aim of the study was to examine relations among conscientiousness, career success, and mortality risk across a 65-year period. Using data derived from 693 male participants in the Terman Life Cycle Study, we examined associations among childhood personality, midlife objective career success, and lifelong mortality risk through 2006. Conscientiousness and career success each predicted lower mortality risk (N = 693, relative hazard (rh) = 0.82 [95% confidence interval = 0.74, 0.91] and rh = 0.80 [0.71, 0.91], respectively), with both shared and unique variance. Importantly, childhood personality moderated the success–longevity link; conscientiousness was most relevant for least successful individuals. Conscientiousness and career success predicted longevity, but not in a straightforward manner. Findings highlight the importance of lifespan processes

Dementia Revealed: Novel Chromosome 6 Locus for Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease Provides Genetic Evidence for Folate-Pathway Abnormalities

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) have consistently observed strong evidence of association with polymorphisms in APOE. However, until recently, variants at few other loci with statistically significant associations have replicated across studies. The present study combines data on 483,399 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from a previously reported GWAS of 492 LOAD cases and 496 controls and from an independent set of 439 LOAD cases and 608 controls to strengthen power to identify novel genetic association signals. Associations exceeding the experiment-wide significance threshold () were replicated in an additional 1,338 cases and 2,003 controls. As expected, these analyses unequivocally confirmed APOE's risk effect (rs2075650, ). Additionally, the SNP rs11754661 at 151.2 Mb of chromosome 6q25.1 in the gene MTHFD1L (which encodes the methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1-like protein) was significantly associated with LOAD (; Bonferroni-corrected P = 0.022). Subsequent genotyping of SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium () with rs11754661 identified statistically significant associations in multiple SNPs (rs803424, P = 0.016; rs2073067, P = 0.03; rs2072064, P = 0.035), reducing the likelihood of association due to genotyping error. In the replication case-control set, we observed an association of rs11754661 in the same direction as the previous association at P = 0.002 ( in combined analysis of discovery and replication sets), with associations of similar statistical significance at several adjacent SNPs (rs17349743, P = 0.005; rs803422, P = 0.004). In summary, we observed and replicated a novel statistically significant association in MTHFD1L, a gene involved in the tetrahydrofolate synthesis pathway. This finding is noteworthy, as MTHFD1L may play a role in the generation of methionine from homocysteine and influence homocysteine-related pathways and as levels of homocysteine are a significant risk factor for LOAD development

New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias

Characterization of the genetic landscape of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADD) provides a unique opportunity for a better understanding of the associated pathophysiological processes. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study totaling 111,326 clinically diagnosed/'proxy' AD cases and 677,663 controls. We found 75 risk loci, of which 42 were new at the time of analysis. Pathway enrichment analyses confirmed the involvement of amyloid/tau pathways and highlighted microglia implication. Gene prioritization in the new loci identified 31 genes that were suggestive of new genetically associated processes, including the tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway through the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. We also built a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future AD/dementia or progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD/dementia. The improvement in prediction led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in AD risk from the lowest to the highest decile, in addition to effects of age and the APOE ε4 allele

Optical Expressions of Ion-Pair Interactions in Minerals

Clusters of transition element cations in neighboring sites frequently govern the optical properties of minerals. This is particularly true of Fe-bearing minerals which may exhibit several types of ion-pair transitions. In this thesis four different types of interactions were distinguished: intensified spin-forbidden transitions of Fe3+ clusters, intensified Fe2+ spin-allowed transitions of Fe2+-Fe3+ clusters, heteronuclear charge transfer transitions of Fe2+-Ti4+ and Mn2+-Ti4+ clusters, and homonuclear charge transfer transitions of Fe2+-Fe3+ clusters. The optical characteristics of Fe3+ in red Fe3+ rich and black Fe3+,Fe2+-rich tourmalines were examined by absorption spectroscopy in the visible and near-infrared, Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Intense optical absorption features at 485 and 540 nm were assigned to transitions of exchange-couple Fe3+ pairs in two different site combinations. Absorption spectra at variable temperatures and of samples which were oxidized and reduced were used to establish these assignments. Site assignments were based on intensity ratios in different polarizations according to the polarization of these transitions along the vector between the interacting cations. The 485 nm band occurs at an unusually low energy for Fe3+ in silicate minerals. Similar behavior was observed in the spectrum of coalingite, a Mg,Fe-hydroxy carbonate, and has been proposed to result from magnetic exchange in large, edge-shared octahedra. The antiferromagnetic exchange which is generally associated with intensity increases in Fe3+ clusters was confirmed by variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements. The Mössbauer spectrum of a red tourmaline with 3.4% Fe exhibits an unusual decrease in width of peaks by ~30% from 298 K to 5 K which may be related to an unusual interaction between Fe3+ and trace amounts of Fe2+. Optical absorption and Mössbauer studies of Fe2+-bearing tourmalines with variable Fe3+ contents were used to examine Fe2+ transitions which are intensified through an interaction with Fe3+ neighbors. The variation of molar absorptivity of Fe2+ bands with the fraction of Fe2+ in Fe2+-Fe3+ pairs indicates that Fe3+ ions increase the absorptivity of Fe2+ bands to ~1200 M-1cm-1 as compared to ~5 M-1cm-1 for non-interacting Fe2+. Approximately equal degrees of intensification were observed for both components of the 5T2 → 5E Fe2+ transition as well as for Fe2+ in two different sites. Although the detailed behavior of non-interacting Fe2+ ions differ in Mg-tourmalines and Li,Al-tourmalines, the characteristics of Fe2+-Fe3+ absorption are constant. Intensity increases were restricted to the polarization which coincided with the vector between the Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. The intensified Fe2+ transitions are characterized by an unusual temperature response. The integrated intensity of these transitions increases by 10-50% at 83 K as compared to 296 K. The positions and widths of the intensified transitions maintain the values of the non-interacting Fe2+. Tourmalines with the lowest Fe3+ contents were the gemmy Li,Al-tourmalines which generally form in pockets within pegmatites. Fe,Mg-tourmalines exhibited consistently higher Fe3+ contents than any of the Li-bearing tourmalines examined. Oxidation of Fe2+ which resulted from gamma irradiation of blue Li-tourmalines which contained several percent each of MnO and FeO could be monitored by increases in Fe2+ intensity in one polarization. Fe2+-Ti4+ charge transfer transitions were examined in minerals which contain stoichiometric quantities of Fe and Ti -- taramellite, neptunite, and traskite -- and tourmaline. The wavelength of these transitions ranged between 400 and 500 nm, and the halfwidths ranged between 7000 and 9000 cm-1. These characteristics can generally be used to assign Fe2+-Ti4+ charge transfer transitions. The molar absorpitivities of these transitions, however, exhibit very large variations. The molar absorptivity of Fe2+-Ti4+ charge transfer in neptunite is ~225 M-1cm-1 in beta polarization, in taramellite it is ~1300 M-1cm-1 and in tourmaline it is ~4000 M-1cm-1. Tentative assignments of Fe2+-Ti4+ in more dilute minerals generally compare favorably with the energy and width stated above. However, sapphire and other Al-minerals such as kyanite have very different characteristics for bands assigned to Fe2+-Ti4+ charge transfer. The Fe2+-Ti4+ charge transfer transition in taramellite exhibits no change in integrated intensity with decreasing temperature but increases by 15% from 296 K to 83 K in tourmaline. Mn2+-Ti4+ charge transfer was also assigned to a transition at 320 nm in two unusual yellow tourmalines. The characteristics of Fe2+-Fe3+ charge transfer transitions were reviewed in light of recent data and with regard to their utility as diagnostic criteria. A correlation between charge transfer energy and the separation of the interacting cations proposed by Smith and Strens (1976) could not be supported by the expanded data base. Temperature variations of charge transfer transition areas were also examined. The magnetic behavior of two minerals which exhibited different temperature responses were investigated. General agreement with the theories of Cox (1980) and Girered (1983) that suggest that ferromagnetic exchange should produce intensity increases at low temperature and that antiferromagnetic exchange produces intensity decreases was confirmed by these examples of Fe2+-Fe3+ charge transfer but could not explain the temperature response of Fe2+-Ti4+ charge transfer transitions. In any case, an increase in intensity with decreasing temperature, which is generally expected on the basis of experimental observations, cannot be used in a negative sense to eliminate a charge transfer assignment. The large width of charge transfer transitions is generally the most useful diagnostic criterion. Cox, PA (1980) Electron transfer between exchange-coupled ions in a mixed-valency compound. Chem Phys Lett 69: 340-343 Girerd, J-J (1983) Electron transfer between magnetic ions in mixed valence binuclear systems. J Chem Phys 79: 1766-1775 Smith, G and Strens, RGJ (1976) Intervalence transfer absorption in some silicate, oxide and phosphate minerals. In: The Phyics and Chemistry of Minerals and Rocks, Strens, RGJ (ed.). New York: Wiley and Sons, pp. 583-612</p

C MTT 157-0731 Blue Vase with Red flower pattern

Brown pot with handles. Bronze written on bottom.https://commons.und.edu/pottery/1722/thumbnail.jp