Rotational forceps versus manual rotation and direct forceps:a retrospective cohort study

Probability of type 2 diabetes by age in men (A) and women (B). (DOC 34 kb

Addition Reactions of Olefins to Asphaltene Model Compounds

Addition reactions have been proposed as a significant pathway for coke formation in the liquid-phase cracking of heavy oils and bitumens. In order to study the kinetics of olefin addition in the liquid phase, two alkyl-bridged aromatic compounds, with molecular weights of 899.70 g/mol and 1127.99 g/mol, were thermally cracked with 1-hexadecene, 1-octadecene, or <i>trans</i>-stilbene, in a batch microreactor at 375–430 °C for 15 to 45 min. Reaction products were analyzed by gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy. Kinetic data indicate a first-order reaction in model compound concentration, with energetics consistent with a free-radical chain mechanism. Tandem MS/MS and ¹H NMR spectra of the products are consistent with olefin addition through the alkyl bridge of the bridged aromatics. The results imply that (i) the addition products are able to abstract hydrogen to give detectable products faster than they decompose, and (ii) the addition products can react even more readily than the parent compounds

A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of bilingual programs in Europe

The effectiveness of bilingual programs for promoting academic achievement of language-minority in the United States has been examined in six meta-analyses. The present meta-analytic study investigates this topic for the first time in the European context. Thorough literature searches uncovered 101 European studies, with only seven meeting the inclusion criteria. Two studies were excluded from further analyses. Results from the random-effects model of the five remaining studies indicate a small positive effect (g = 0.23; 95% CI [0.10, 0.36]) for bilingual over submersion programs on reading of language-minority children. Thus, this meta-analysis supports bilingual education—that is, including the home language of language-minority children—in school instruction. However, the generalizability of the results is limited by the small number of studies on this topic. More published studies on bilingual education in Europe are needed as well as closer attention to the size of the effects

Additional file 2: of Serum phospholipid fatty acids, dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes among urban Ghanaians

Overview of the 33 food groups and respective food items, that were collapsed into the food groups. (DOCX 19 kb

Steroid-Derived Naphthoquinoline Asphaltene Model Compounds: Hydriodic Acid Is the Active Catalyst in I₂‑Promoted Multicomponent Cyclocondensation Reactions

A multicomponent cyclocondensation reaction between 2-aminoanthracene, aromatic aldehydes, and 5-α-cholestan-3-one has been used to synthesize model asphaltene compounds. The active catalyst for this reaction has been identified as hydriodic acid, which is formed <i>in situ</i> from the reaction of iodine with water, while iodine is not a catalyst under anhydrous conditions. The products, which contain a tetrahydro­[4]­helicene moiety, are optically active, and the stereochemical characteristics have been examined by VT-NMR and VT-CD spectroscopies, as well as X-ray crystallography

Differentially expressed islet genes in B6-ob/ob and NZO located in a QTL for type 2 diabetes.

<p>Expression levels of the indicated 7 candidates localized within the diabesity-QTL <i>Nob3</i> on Chr. 1 in islets of NZO and B6-ob/ob mice as detected by RNAseq. Data represent mean ± s.e.m. of 3 animals. Statistics were calculated by edgeR and DEseq; ***<i>P</i><0.001.</p

Main pathways up-regulated by carbohydrate feeding in B6-ob/ob and NZO mice as revealed by MetaCore enrichment pathway analysis.

<p>Shown are clusters of the main pathways upregulated in either B6-ob/ob (upper table) or NZO (lower table) islets in combination with the respective genes to be affected and their false discovery rate (FDR).</p

Schematic representation of pathways that are affected in B6-ob/ob and NZO islets.

<p>(A) Based on pathway analysis performed with differentially expressed genes detected by RNAseq of B6-ob/ob and NZO islets the Lefty/Nodal/Smad3 pathway appears to play a central role for the initiation of beta-cell proliferation in B6-ob/ob. Red arrows and lines indicate the regulation of signaling molecules in B6-ob/ob beta-cells in response to Lefty1. The presence of Lefty1 inhibits Nodal signaling via the ActRII/ALK4 receptor leading to a reduced activity of the anti-proliferative protein Smad3 and ultimately to an induction of proliferation via Cyclin A2 (Ccna2), Cdk2 and Cdk1. Proteins in grey indicate candidates that were not significantly different in the RNAseq analysis. Black arrows indicate the regulation (RNAseq) of additional molecules that could be involved in the pathway. (B) Expression of the indicated cell-cycle transcripts in islets of NZO and B6-ob/ob mice before and after feeding carbohydrates for 2 days as detected by qRT-PCR. Data are mean ± s.e.m. of 4–6 animals; *<i>P</i>≤0.05.</p

Detection of BrdU positive primary islet cells overexpressing candidate genes.

<p>Representative immunocytochemical stainings of dispersed B6 islet cells infected with empty virus (AdØ) as control or adenoviruses expressing the designated genes followed by a 72 h BrdU labeling period. (a) Co-staining of insulin (Ins; green) and BrdU (magenta). White arrows indicate BrdU-positive beta-cells; white dashed arrow indicates BrdU-positive non-beta-cells. (b-i) Co-staining of the myc-tag of indicated proteins (b: control; c: <i>Lefty1</i>, d: <i>Ifi202b</i>, e: <i>ApoA2</i>; f: <i>Slamf7</i> g: <i>Mndal</i>; h: <i>Pcp4l1</i>; i: <i>Pydc3</i>; green) and BrdU (magenta). The infection rate was between 40 and 90%. Large nuclei are fibroblast-like cells that were left out in any morphometry (white F). Blue: DNA / nuclei. Scale bar: 50 μm.</p

Effects of <i>Ifi202</i>, <i>Lefty1</i>, <i>Pcp4l1</i>, <i>Apoa2</i>, <i>Mndal</i>, <i>Slamf7</i>, and <i>Pydc3</i> on beta-cell proliferation.

<p>Effects of overexpression of indicated genes on BrdU incorporation in primary islet cells of B6 mice. Islets of B6 mice were isolated, dispersed and infected with adenoviruses encoding for the indicated genes. After infection, BrdU was applied for 72 h. For each candidate between 37,000 and 92,000 myc-expressing cells were evaluated. Due to variations in absolute primary islet cell proliferation depending on cell number and proper digestion, data are presented as fold change to control. Data are mean ± s.e.m. of 3–5 independent experiments **<i>P</i><0.01; ***<i>P</i><0.001.</p