Management Factors Associated with Operation-Level Prevalence of Antibodies to Cache Valley Virus and Other Bunyamwera Serogroup Viruses in Sheep in the United States

A cross-sectional study was performed to identify operation-level risk factors associated with prevalence of antibody to Bunyamwera (BUN) serogroup viruses in sheep in the United States. Sera were obtained from 5150 sheep in 270 operations located in 22 states (three in the west, nine central states, and 10 in the east) and tested at a dilution of 1:20 by a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) using Cache Valley virus (CVV). Antibodies that neutralized CVV were identified in 1455 (28%) sheep. Animal-level seroprevalence was higher in the east (49%) than the central (17%) and western (10%) states. A convenient subset (n = 509) of sera with antibodies that neutralized CVV was titrated and further analyzed by PRNT using all six BUN serogroup viruses that occur in the United States: CVV, Lokern virus (LOKV), Main Drain virus (MDV), Northway virus (NORV), Potosi virus (POTV), and Tensaw virus (TENV). Antibodies to CVV and LOKV were identified in sheep in all three geographic regions; MDV and POTV activity was detected in the central and eastern states, NORV activity was restricted to the west, and antibodies to TENV were not detected in any sheep. Several management factors were significantly associated with the presence of antibodies to BUN serogroup viruses. For instance, sheep housed during the lambing season inside structures that contained four walls and a roof and a door closed most of the time were more likely to be seropositive than other sheep. In contrast, herded/open-range sheep were less likely to be seropositive than their counterparts. These data can be used by producers to implement strategies to reduce the likelihood of BUN serogroup virus infection and improve the health and management practices of sheep

IgE to epitopes of Ara h 2 enhance the diagnostic accuracy of Ara h 2‐specific IgE

© 2020 The Authors. Allergy published by European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Background: Understanding the discrepancy between IgE sensitization and allergic reactions to peanut could facilitate diagnosis and lead to novel means of treating peanut allergy. Objective: To identify differences in IgE and IgG4 binding to peanut peptides between peanut-allergic (PA) and peanut-sensitized but tolerant (PS) children. Methods: PA (n = 56), PS (n = 42) and nonsensitized nonallergic (NA, n = 10) patients were studied. Synthetic overlapping 15-mer peptides of peanut allergens (Ara h 1-11) were spotted onto microarray slides, and patients' samples were tested for IgE and IgG4 binding using immunofluorescence. IgE and IgG4 levels to selected peptides were quantified using ImmunoCAP. Diagnostic model comparisons were performed using likelihood-ratio tests between each specified nominal logistic regression models. Results: Seven peptides on Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 3 were bound more by IgE of PA compared to PS patients on the microarray. IgE binding to one peptide on Ara h 5 and IgG4 binding to one Ara h 9 peptide were greater in PS than in PA patients. Using ImmunoCAP, IgE to the Ara h 2 peptides enhanced the diagnostic accuracy of Ara h 2-specific IgE. Ratios of IgG4/IgE to 4 out of the 7 peptides were higher in PS than in PA subjects. Conclusions: Ara h 2 peptide-specific IgE added diagnostic value to Ara h 2-specific IgE. Ability of peptide-specific IgG4 to surmount their IgE counterpart seems to be important in established peanut tolerance.This work was supported by the Medical Research Council (MRC Clinical Research Training Fellowship G090218, MRC Centenary Early Career Award and MRC Clinician Scientist Fellowship MR/M008517/1, all awarded to A. F. Santos), the Department of Health via the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre award to Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King's College London and King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS6054-43440-046-00D; USDA-NIFA) and the National Peanut Board (GRANT12229460).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Individual Differences in Aesthetic Perceptions of Paintings

This study examined the effects of sex and sexual orientation on the aesthetic perception of paintings. The effect of variables was assessed using a 2 (sex of subject) X 2 (sexual orientation of subject) X 3 (sex of artist) X 3 (sexual orientation of artist) factorial design with sex and sexual orientation of subjects comprising between-subjects factors and sex and sexual orientation of artist comprising the within-subjects factors. The artists\u27 sex and sexual orientation were manipulated through short biographies. The subjects were shown three paintings by each of 9 artists. Following the brief presentation of each painting, participants were asked to rate the painting on semantic differential scales to assess the dependent measures. The participants completed a brief demographic questionnaire to assess sex and sexual orientation as well as other variables. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance techniques

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Management Factors Associated with Operation-Level Prevalence of Antibodies to Cache Valley Virus and Other Bunyamwera Serogroup Viruses in Sheep in the United States

A cross-sectional study was performed to identify operation-level risk factors associated with prevalence of antibody to Bunyamwera (BUN) serogroup viruses in sheep in the United States. Sera were obtained from 5150 sheep in 270 operations located in 22 states (three in the west, nine central states, and 10 in the east) and tested at a dilution of 1:20 by a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) using Cache Valley virus (CVV). Antibodies that neutralized CVV were identified in 1455 (28%) sheep. Animal-level seroprevalence was higher in the east (49%) than the central (17%) and western (10%) states. A convenient subset (n = 509) of sera with antibodies that neutralized CVV was titrated and further analyzed by PRNT using all six BUN serogroup viruses that occur in the United States: CVV, Lokern virus (LOKV), Main Drain virus (MDV), Northway virus (NORV), Potosi virus (POTV), and Tensaw virus (TENV). Antibodies to CVV and LOKV were identified in sheep in all three geographic regions; MDV and POTV activity was detected in the central and eastern states, NORV activity was restricted to the west, and antibodies to TENV were not detected in any sheep. Several management factors were significantly associated with the presence of antibodies to BUN serogroup viruses. For instance, sheep housed during the lambing season inside structures that contained four walls and a roof and a door closed most of the time were more likely to be seropositive than other sheep. In contrast, herded/open-range sheep were less likely to be seropositive than their counterparts. These data can be used by producers to implement strategies to reduce the likelihood of BUN serogroup virus infection and improve the health and management practices of sheep.This article is published as Meyers Matthew T., Bahnson Charlie S., Hanlon Michael, Kopral Christine, Srisinlapaudom Saengchan, Cochrane Zachary N., Sabas Carlene E., Saiyasombat Rungrat, Burrough Eric R., Plummer Paul J., O'Connor Annette M., Marshall Katherine L., and Blitvich Bradley J.. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. November 2015, 15(11): 683-693. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1810. Posted with permission.</p

Management Factors Associated with Operation-Level Prevalence of Antibodies to Cache Valley Virus and Other Bunyamwera Serogroup Viruses in Sheep in the United States

A cross-sectional study was performed to identify operation-level risk factors associated with prevalence of antibody to Bunyamwera (BUN) serogroup viruses in sheep in the United States. Sera were obtained from 5150 sheep in 270 operations located in 22 states (three in the west, nine central states, and 10 in the east) and tested at a dilution of 1:20 by a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) using Cache Valley virus (CVV). Antibodies that neutralized CVV were identified in 1455 (28%) sheep. Animal-level seroprevalence was higher in the east (49%) than the central (17%) and western (10%) states. A convenient subset (n = 509) of sera with antibodies that neutralized CVV was titrated and further analyzed by PRNT using all six BUN serogroup viruses that occur in the United States: CVV, Lokern virus (LOKV), Main Drain virus (MDV), Northway virus (NORV), Potosi virus (POTV), and Tensaw virus (TENV). Antibodies to CVV and LOKV were identified in sheep in all three geographic regions; MDV and POTV activity was detected in the central and eastern states, NORV activity was restricted to the west, and antibodies to TENV were not detected in any sheep. Several management factors were significantly associated with the presence of antibodies to BUN serogroup viruses. For instance, sheep housed during the lambing season inside structures that contained four walls and a roof and a door closed most of the time were more likely to be seropositive than other sheep. In contrast, herded/open-range sheep were less likely to be seropositive than their counterparts. These data can be used by producers to implement strategies to reduce the likelihood of BUN serogroup virus infection and improve the health and management practices of sheep.This article is published as Meyers, Matthew T., Charlie S. Bahnson, Michael Hanlon, Christine Kopral, Saengchan Srisinlapaudom, Zachary N. Cochrane, Carlene E. Sabas et al. "Management Factors Associated with Operation-Level Prevalence of Antibodies to Cache Valley Virus and Other Bunyamwera Serogroup Viruses in Sheep in the United States." Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 15, no. 11 (2015): 683-693. Doi: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1810. </p