Quand la formation se fait buissonnière, pour mobiliser vers la formation, les publics cibles du plan d’investissement dans les compétences

Introduction Face aux mutations technologiques et sociétales qui modifient l’organisation, le contenu du travail et de l’emploi, le niveau d'études de deuxième cycle du secondaire s’avère une qualification minimale. Pour autant, en 2015, plus du quart de la population de l’Union européenne âgée de 25 à 64 ans était recensée avec, au plus, une qualification de premier cycle. En regard, le conseil européen recommandait en 2016 aux États membres « d’offrir aux adultes ayant un faible niveau de s..

Simple Strategies to Modulate the pH-Responsiveness of Lignosulfonate-Based Delivery Systems

The extensive use of non-degradable microplastics in a wide plethora of daily life products is causing serious pollution problems. More ecofriendly solutions are therefore urgently needed. In this context, the use of lignin, a largely available aromatic polymer, may represent a viable option. Due to the self-assembly ability of its molecules, lignin is in fact an ideal matrix for the fabrication of nanostructures. In this study, lignosulfonate microcapsules containing a limonene core were prepared and characterized in terms of their dimensions and of the physicochemical characteristics of the capsule-forming lignosulfonate molecules. The main purpose is to elucidate the key properties governing the pH-responsive behavior of the capsules to be able to achieve better control over the release kinetics of the entrapped compound(s). The results demonstrate that both the molecular weight and the concentration of sulfonate groups are the most important factors in this respect. Based on these findings, two strategies were followed to further tailor the capsules’ behavior: (i) fractionation of the starting lignosulfonate by solvent extraction and (ii) introduction of a specific additive in the formulation. The first approach permitted to fabricate highly resistant capsules both in acidic, as well as in alkaline conditions, while in the second case the chemical structure of the additive, the diester diveratryl sebacate, allowed for fast kinetics of release, as values above 70% were reached after 24 h of incubation at pH 4 and pH 12

Graduates’ employment and employability after the “Bologna Process” reform. Evidence from the Italian experience and methodological issues

In a phase of depression and systemic crisis investments are essential assets in organizing the recovery, and the more so when innovation is relevant. This is why universities, companies, households and graduates implement strategies for overcoming the present crisis, leading to structural changes and competition both at the local and international level. In this framework, tracer studies on graduates transition to the labour markets provides fundamental insights and information not only to the organizations responsible for their training, but also to the economic system as a whole. Moreover, any such study is all the more useful when it can draw upon reliable and up-to-date information. This paper emphasizes three main points. First we present the results achieved by the AL model in tracing the transition path of graduates from the time they enrolled at the university until a few years after earning the degree. The survey is carried out every year by the AL and makes it possible to analyze the most recent labour market trends through the scrutiny of the career opportunities available for the graduates after 1, 3 and 5 years on from graduation. More specifically, we will present the results of the 2008 survey. This survey involved also all first and second level graduates from the 2007 vintage. Second, we examine the revision in our survey method, adopted in order to face the need to monitor a much higher number of post-reform graduates (more than 140 thousand overall) and the call of the Ministry and the universities to keep the information as much detailed as possible in assessing the employment outcomes for each single degree course, without losing feasibility in terms of costs and data collection time. In fact, we resorted to a mixed method: the computer assisted web interviewing (CAWI) and the computer assisted telephone interviewing (CATI). This is why it became necessary to measure and assess the effect of this approach on the answers given by interviewed graduates. In third place, we outline the results of some preliminary experiments carried on in order to allow for specific and recurrent comparisons between the results achieved with the AL model and other similar models dealing with the employment conditions of Italian graduates.Graduates’ employment; Graduates’ employability; Bologna Process; University reform; University governance; Assessment of the higher education system; CAWI and CATI survey techniques; Propensity score matching; Data quality control; Counter factual analysis; Labour supply, Human capital.

Lignin-based nano-enabled agriculture: A mini-review

Nowadays sustainable nanotechnological strategies to improve the efficiency of conventional agricultural practices are of utmost importance. As a matter of fact, the increasing use of productive factors in response to the growing food demand plays an important role in determining the environmental impact of agriculture. In this respect, low-efficiency conventional practices are becoming obsolete. On the other hand, the exploitation of nanoscaled systems for the controlled delivery of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides shows great potential towards the development of sustainable, efficient and resilient agricultural processes, while promoting food security. In this context, lignin - especially in the form of its nanostructures - can play an important role as sustainable biomaterial for nano-enabled agricultural applications. In this review, we present and discuss the current advancements in the preparation of lignin nanoparticles for the controlled release of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, as well as the latest findings in terms of plant response to their application. Special attention has been paid to the state-of-the-art literature concerning the release performance of these lignin-based nanomaterials, whose efficiency is compared with the conventional approaches. Finally, the major challenges and the future scenarios of lignin-based nano-enabled agriculture are considered

Le recours au CEP des salariés moins qualifiés, un examen exploratoire des données DEFIS et IMPACT

International audienc

Solvent-based fractionation of lignosulfonates

Lignosulfonates, i.e. technical lignins derived from the sulphite process, suffer from high heterogeneity. With the aim of obtaining materials with more homogeneous and defined characteristics, this contribution focuses on lignosulfonate fractionation, specifically by applying sequential solvent extraction (SSE) to softwood and hardwood lignosulfonate samples. The obtained fractions are fully characterized from the physicochemical point of view

Tailoring the pH-responsiveness of lignin-based microcapsules

Lignosulfonate (LS)-shell limonene-core microcapsules (LMCs) were prepared by ultrasonication. To achieve better control over the pH-responsiveness, (i) fractionation of the starting LS by solvent extraction and (ii) introduction of diveratryl sebacate (DS) into the formulation were performed. High molecular weight fraction enabled the preparation of highly stable LMCs, while the presence of DS caused faster release kinetics

Enquête sur la professionnalisation des docteurs issus des universités de l'Algérie, du Maroc et de la Tunisie

Le projet Satelit vise à consolider le positionnement des universités du Maghreb dans leur écosystème économique et territorial. Il est structuré sur l’axe « sud-nord » et il se base sur un partenariat entre six universités de la côte sud de la Méditerranée (d’ouest en est : Rabat, Fès, Béjaia, Constantine, Sousse, Sfax) et six de la côte nord (Cadiz, Murcia, Aix-Marseille, Toulon, Turin, Gênes). La participation du Céreq dans ce programme a pour objet d’observer les liens entre formation et emploi dans les pays du sud et plus particulièrement la transition de la thèse à l’emploi. Ce programme s’intéresse à la formation et l’insertion professionnelle des personnels hautement qualifiés issus des écoles doctorales de ces universités. L'hypothèse de départ est que l’intégration des docteurs en entreprise favoriserait le transfert de savoirs du monde académique vers les entreprises et donc les innovations

Nanoparticles for Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue in Water

The full use of biomass plays a central role in transition to a circular bioeconomy. Unlike non-biobased adsorbents, which are criticized for high production costs and the generation of secondary pollutants, lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) are a cost-effective and environmentally benign alternative for water treatment. In this study, LNPs were demonstrated for the first time as multifunctional materials for the adsorption and UV-light driven photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye (MB) in water

A simple and scalable strategy to develop Kraft lignin-based hydrogels for the adsorption of water pollutants

Kraft lignin hydrogels have been synthesized through a simple, green and energy-saving process in the presence of a cross-linking agent, polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE), and fully characterized. The hydrogels can be used to entrap active compounds, during the synthesis process, for controlled release purposes, or they can be employed in the removal of water pollutants. Preliminary adsorption tests, carried out with methylene blue, showed excellent results