High-resolution projection image reconstruction of thick objects by hard x-ray diffraction microscopy

Hard x-ray diffraction microscopy enables us to observe thick objects at high spatial resolution. The resolution of this method is limited, in principle, by only the x-ray wavelength and the largest scattering angle recorded. As the resolution approaches the wavelength, the thickness effect of objects plays a significant role in x-ray diffraction microscopy. In this paper, we report high-resolution hard x-ray diffraction microscopy for thick objects. We used highly focused coherent x rays with a wavelength of ∼0.1 nm as an incident beam and measured the diffraction patterns of a ∼150-nm -thick silver nanocube at the scattering angle of ∼3°. We observed a characteristic contrast of the coherent diffraction pattern due to only the thickness effect and collected the diffraction patterns at nine incident angles so as to obtain information on a cross section of Fourier space. We reconstructed a pure projection image by the iterative phasing method from the patched diffraction pattern. The edge resolution of the reconstructed image was ∼2 nm, which was the highest resolution so far achieved by x-ray microscopy. The present study provides us with a method for quantitatively observing thick samples at high resolution by hard x-ray diffraction microscopy. © 2010 The American Physical Society.Yukio Takahashi, Yoshinori Nishino, Ryosuke Tsutsumi, Nobuyuki Zettsu, Eiichiro Matsubara, Kazuto Yamauchi, and Tetsuya Ishikawa. Phys. Rev. B 82(21), 214102 (2010)

Development of incident X-ray flux monitor for coherent X-ray diffraction microscopy

An incident X-ray flux monitor for coherent X-ray diffraction microscopy was developed. The intensities of x-rays passing through the sample were measured using an X-ray photodiode, with the simultaneous measurement of the X-ray diffraction intensities of the sample. As a result of the normalization of the X-ray diffraction intensities by the incident X-ray flux determined from the monitor, the fluctuation of the speckle intensities was successfully suppressed. © 2009 IOP Publishing Ltd.Takahashi Y., Kubo H., Furukawa H., et al. Development of incident X-ray flux monitor for coherent X-ray diffraction microscopy. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 186, , 012060. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/186/1/012060.9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON X-RAY MICROSCOPY 21–25 July 2008, Zürich, Switzerlan

Minimum Reynolds Number for the Relaxation of Similarity Requirements for Predicting Room Air Distribution

Strict similarity for the prediction of velocity and temperature distributions in an airconditioned room requires the equalities of both the Reynolds number and Archimedes number in both model and prototype. In actual model experiment, however, it is very difficult to satisfy these strict similarity requirements. In the present paper, a minimum Reynolds number is suggested above which it is possible to neglect the Reynolds number from the strict similaritv requirements without considerable error. This minimum Reynolds number was determined by measuring velocity distributions and observing the air now patterns in three geometrically similar models and found to be about 7000, within the limits of the experiment

An experimental procedure for precise evaluation of electron density distribution of a nanostructured material by coherent x-ray diffraction microscopy

We developed a coherent x-ray diffraction microscopy (CXDM) system that enables us to precisely evaluate the electron density of an isolated sample. This system enables us to determine the dose per surface unit of x rays illuminated onto an isolated sample by combining incident x-ray intensity monitoring and the CXDM of a reference sample. By using this system, we determined the dose of x rays illuminated onto a nanostructured island fabricated by focused-ion-beam chemical vapor deposition and derived the electron density distribution of such a nanostructured island. A projection image of the nanostructured island with a spatial resolution of 24.1 nm and a contrast resolution higher than 2.3× 107 electrons/pixel was successfully reconstructed. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.Yukio Takahashi, Hideto Kubo, Yoshinori Nishino, Hayato Furukawa, Ryosuke Tsutsumi, Kazuto Yamauchi, Tetsuya Ishikawa, and Eiichiro Matsubara, "An experimental procedure for precise evaluation of electron density distribution of a nanostructured material by coherent x-ray diffraction microscopy", Review of Scientific Instruments 81(3), 033707 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3361265

A Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor, Des-Fluoro-Sitagliptin, Improves Endothelial Function and Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the antiatherogenic effects of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, des-fluoro-sitagliptin (DFS).BackgroundThe new class of anti–type 2 diabetes drugs, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, improves glucose metabolism by increasing levels of active glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1.MethodsEndothelial function was examined by acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation using aortic rings and atherosclerotic lesion development in the entire aorta in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice fed a high-fat diet with or without DFS, and the antiatherogenic effects of DFS were investigated in cultured human macrophages and endothelial cells. Plasma levels of active GLP-1 were measured in patients with or without coronary artery disease.ResultsDFS significantly improved endothelial dysfunction (89.9 ± 3.9% vs. 79.2 ± 4.3% relaxation at 10−4 mol/l acetylcholine, p < 0.05) associated with increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation and reduced atherosclerotic lesion area (17.7% [15.6% to 25.8%] vs. 24.6% [19.3% to 34.6%], p < 0.01) compared with vehicle treatment. In cultured human macrophages, DFS significantly increased GLP-1-induced cytosolic levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate compared with GLP-1 alone, resulted in inhibiting phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and nuclear factor-kappa B p65 nuclear translocation through the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A pathway, and suppressed proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukin-1-beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in response to lipopolysaccharide. DFS-enhanced GLP-1 activity sustained endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation and decreased endothelial senescence and apoptosis compared with GLP-1 alone. In the human study, fasting levels of active GLP-1 were significantly lower in patients with coronary artery disease than those without (3.10 pmol/l [2.40 to 3.62 pmol/l] vs. 4.00 pmol/l [3.10 to 5.90 pmol/l], p < 0.001).ConclusionsA DPP-4 inhibitor, DFS, exhibited antiatherogenic effects through augmenting GLP-1 activity in macrophages and endothelium

4124 防音鍛造工場のモデル設計とその換気および作業環境について(防音鍛造工場の換気に関する研究・第2報)

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CVIT expert consensus document on primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in 2018

While primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has significantly contributed to improve the mortality in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction even in cardiogenic shock, primary PCI is a standard of care in most of Japanese institutions. Whereas there are high numbers of available facilities providing primary PCI in Japan, there are no clear guidelines focusing on procedural aspect of the standardized care. Whilst updated guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction were recently published by European Society of Cardiology, the following major changes are indicated; (1) radial access and drug-eluting stent over bare metal stent were recommended as Class I indication, and (2) complete revascularization before hospital discharge (either immediate or staged) is now considered as Class IIa recommendation. Although the primary PCI is consistently recommended in recent and previous guidelines, the device lag from Europe, the frequent usage of coronary imaging modalities in Japan, and the difference in available medical therapy or mechanical support may prevent direct application of European guidelines to Japanese population. The Task Force on Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of the Japanese Association of Cardiovascular Intervention and Therapeutics (CVIT) has now proposed the expert consensus document for the management of acute myocardial infarction focusing on procedural aspect of primary PCI

CVIT expert consensus document on primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in 2018

While primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has significantly contributed to improve the mortality in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction even in cardiogenic shock, primary PCI is a standard of care in most of Japanese institutions. Whereas there are high numbers of available facilities providing primary PCI in Japan, there are no clear guidelines focusing on procedural aspect of the standardized care. Whilst updated guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction were recently published by European Society of Cardiology, the following major changes are indicated; (1) radial access and drug-eluting stent over bare metal stent were recommended as Class I indication, and (2) complete revascularization before hospital discharge (either immediate or staged) is now considered as Class IIa recommendation. Although the primary PCI is consistently recommended in recent and previous guidelines, the device lag from Europe, the frequent usage of coronary imaging modalities in Japan, and the difference in available medical therapy or mechanical support may prevent direct application of European guidelines to Japanese population. The Task Force on Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of the Japanese Association of Cardiovascular Intervention and Therapeutics (CVIT) has now proposed the expert consensus document for the management of acute myocardial infarction focusing on procedural aspect of primary PCI