Urban growth process, actors and inequalities

Este artículo busca analizar el proceso de expansión urbana de la ciudad de San Carlos de Bariloche, desde un enfoque de la especialidad y la temporalidad, con miras a comprender, desde sus lógicas de crecimiento, el actual contexto de profunda desigualdad urbana. Los distintos actores hegemónicos, los cuales fueron cambiando a lo largo del tiempo, han marcado el pulso de la urbanización, la expansión del ejido municipal y la aprobación de los loteos que contribuyeron a un crecimiento acelerado, descontrolado y especulativo. Entre ellos se destaca el Estado que desde distintas esferas instituciones, jurisdiccionales y funcionales, ostenta con determinado protagonismo su rol doble como agente y árbitro. Este estudio se ha realizado a partir de un profundo rastreo y análisis de fuentes documentales, muchas inéditas, vinculadas al desarrollo urbano barilochense, desde su fundación en 1902 hasta 2010. Así, con rupturas y continuidades, el crecimiento de esta ciudad media da cuenta de la notable importancia del estudio de los factores que definen modelos de desarrollo urbanos para comprender la complejidad del mosaico urbano actual y su posible mejoramiento.This paper analyzes the process of urban expansion in San Carlos de Bariloche city, from a spatiality and temporality focus, in order to understand, through their growth logical, the current context of profound urban inequality. The various hegemonic actors, which have changed over time, determined the urbanization, the expansion of municipal lands and the approval of subdivisions that contributed to an accelerated, uncontrolled and speculative growth. This analysis includes the State institutions, which from different areas, jurisdictions and functions, holds particular prominence with its dual role as agent and referee. This study was carried out from a deep tracking and analysis of documentary sources, many unpublished, linked to urban development in Bariloche, from its foundation in 1902 until 2010. Thus, ruptures and continuities, the growth of the city realizes the remarkable importance of studying the factors that define urban development models to understand the complexity of today's urban mosaic and its possible improvement.Fil: Matossian, Brenda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnica

Mercury ion thruster technology

The Mercury Ion Thruster Technology program was an investigation for improving the understanding of state-of-the-art mercury ion thrusters. Emphasis was placed on optimizing the performance and simplifying the design of the 30 cm diameter ring-cusp discharge chamber. Thruster performance was improved considerably; the baseline beam-ion production cost of the optimized configuration was reduced to Epsilon (sub i) perspective to 130 eV/ion. At a discharge propellant-utilization efficiency of 95 percent, the beam-ion production cost was reduced to about 155 eV/ion, representing a reduction of about 40 eV/ion over the corresponding value for the 30 cm diameter J-series thruster. Comprehensive Langmuir-probe surveys were obtained and compared with similar measurements for a J-series thruster. A successful volume-averaging scheme was developed to correlate thruster performance with the dominant plasma processes that prevail in the two thruster designs. The average Maxwellian electron temperature in the optimized ring-cusp design is as much as 1 eV higher than it is in the J-series thruster. Advances in ion-extraction electrode fabrication technology were made by improving materials selection criteria, hydroforming and stress-relieving tooling, and fabrications procedures. An ion-extraction performance study was conducted to assess the effect of screen aperture size on ion-optics performance and to verify the effectiveness of a beam-vectoring model for three-grid ion optics. An assessment of the technology readiness of the J-series thruster was completed, and operation of an 8 cm IAPS thruster using a simplified power processor was demonstrated

Debates on urban segregation : a theoretical-methodological review

El concepto de segregación ha sido trabajado desde distintas disciplinas y su definición ha resultado ser un complejo desafío teórico-metodológico. Además del desarrollo de dos perspectivas teóricas principales, una desde la ecología humana y otra histórico-estructural, que durante el siglo XX se disputaron los sentidos del concepto, su estudio reciente impulsó marcos conceptuales y metodológicos renovados. El abordaje cuantitativo se apoya sobre el grado de concentración espacial de los grupos sociales y la homogeneidad social que presentan las distintas áreas de las ciudades. Asimismo, se ha avanzado también hacia aspectos subjetivos de estos procesos. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una aproximación crítica a los tratamientos dados al estudio de la segregación, con especial énfasis en la construcción de definiciones teóricas y metodologías de abordaje para indagarlo. La estrategia metodológica propone un enfoque cualitativo de rastreo bibliográfico, sistematización e interpretación de fuentes secundarias tanto de producción argentina como internacional. Se da cuenta de la importancia de proponer un estudio desde enfoques más flexibles y abordajes mixtos, que den cuenta del problema de la escala asociado y que promueva un diálogo disciplinar que acepte el desafío de estudiar la segregación en las ciudades contemporáneas latinoamericanas y argentinas.The segregation concept has been worked from different disciplines and its univocal definition is a complex issue. In addition to the development of two main theoretical perspectives, one from human ecology and another from a historical-structural view, which during the twentieth century disputed the senses of the concept, its recent study fostered renewed conceptual and methodological frameworks. Its quantitative study is based on of spatial concentration degree of social groups and the social homogeneity presented in different areas of the cities. However, progress has also been made towards more subjective aspects of these processes. The objective of this work is to make a critical approach to the treatments given to the segregation studies, with special emphasis on the construction of theoretical definitions and applied methodologies to its approach. The methodological strategy proposes a qualitative approach to bibliographic tracking, systematization and interpretation of secondary sources of both Argentine and international academic production. We realize the importance of proposing a study from more flexible and mixed approaches, that account for the scale problem associated and that promotes a disciplinary dialogue that accepts the challenge of studying segregation in contemporary Latin American and Argentine cities.Fil: Matossian, Brenda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnica

Modelos de desarrollo, poblamiento y frontera : el caso del Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi

Fil: Matossian, Brenda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnica

Chilenos en la Argentina: dinámicas y tensiones de una migración regional

La migración de chilenos hacia la Argentina se caracteriza por estar conformada por desplazamientos enraizados en la historia social y económica de los territorios facilitados por la vecindad geográfica y la proximidad cultural. Estos movimientos han encontrado su destino principal en ciertas regiones del país con estructuras productivas más favorables para la generación de empleos, tanto en ámbitos rurales como urbanos. Además de responder a factores estructurales, la evolución de este patrón migratorio ha sido sensible a las coyunturas de expansión o retracción económica y a las contingencias de tipo sociopolítico. En particular, las rupturas y el restablecimiento de las formas democráticas de gobierno han repercutido en oleadas de exiliados hacia la Argentina, especialmente durante la dictadura de Augusto Pinochet entre 1973 y 1991. Se trata de una migración principalmente fronteriza y regional, cuya historia se entrelaza con los períodos de acercamiento y tensión entre ambos países.Fil: Matossian, Brenda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas; Argentin

Residential logics and migrations in San Carlos de Bariloche: an interseccionality approach

San Carlos de Bariloche, ciudad de rango medio al Norte de la Patagonia andina, es reconocida como destino del turismo global. Su acelerado crecimiento demográfico y su expansión urbana, de escasa planificación, en los últimos 60 años, han generado complejos escenarios de desigualdad socioterritorial. Los migrantes, tanto internacionales como internos, arribados durante estas décadas, con diversas motivaciones y niveles socioeconómicos, resultan actores protagónicos en estas dinámicas. Se busca estudiar la inserción urbana de estas heterogéneas poblaciones a través de metodologías cualitativas y análisis de fuentes secundarias. Este objetivo demanda un enfoque integral; para ello se propone la utilización de la noción de la interseccionalidad, entendida como un sistema complejo de estructuras desiguales que son múltiples y simultáneas. Se indagarán aspectos sobre las espacialidades y sociabilidades articuladas en torno a las lógicas residenciales de los migrantes en los distintos barrios barilochenses analizados desde varios planos. Esta forma de estudio de los procesos de inserción urbana de los migrantes, que considera simultáneamente las desigualdades por clase y origen, busca evitar interpretaciones sesgadas por una sola de las dimensiones.San Carlos de Bariloche is a medium-size city in the Northern Andean Patagonia, recognized as a global tourist destination. Its fast population growth and urban sprawl, poorly planned, in the last 60 years have generated complex socioterritorial inequalities. Migrants, both international and internal ones, which arrived during these decades with different motivations and socioeconomic conditions, were main actors in these dynamics. This article studies the urban integration of these heterogeneous populations through qualitative methodologies and secondary sources analysis. This aim requires a comprehensive approach; that is why the concept of intersectionality was chosen, understood as a complex system of unequal structures which are multiple and simultaneous. Aspects regarding migrants’ residential logics spatiality’s and sociability in different neighborhoods are analyzed from different dimensions. This study perspective that focus on migrants urban integration processes, considering both origin and class inequalities simultaneously, seeks to avoid biased interpretations that concentrates only in one of the dimensions.Fil: Matossian, Brenda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas; Argentin

Right to the city in San Carlos de Bariloche: residential and political insertion of migrants

La inserción de los migrantes en las complejas y desiguales ciudades actuales es un proceso dinámico, de carácter multidimensional. Requiere novedosos esfuerzos de investigación que contribuyan a su comprensión. El derecho a la ciudad, desarrollado por Lefebvre, es un abordaje que contribuye al estudio de los problemas de inserción de los migrantes ya que permite articular dimensiones residenciales y políticas en la ciudad y en los barrios. Se busca analizar el derecho a la ciudad en los migrantes internacionales, en un contexto particular de profundas desigualdades socioespaciales, en San Carlos de Bariloche. Se utilizan técnicas cuantitativas de análisis geodemográfico para el estudio de su inserción socioeconómica y residencial. También se analizan documentos y normativas municipales vinculadas a la participación ciudadana de los migrantes, junto con entrevistas a informantes clave. Los migrantes se han insertado en San Carlos de Bariloche y han experimentado distintos tipos de desigualdades. El derecho a la ciudad para estos migrantes, en principio limitado por su condición de extranjeros, ha progresado en los últimos años a partir de una política municipal electoral más inclusiva que mejora la legitimidad ciudadana y su derecho a la ciudad.The migrants insertion in nowadays complex and unequal cities is a dynamic and multidimensional process. The right to the city, developed by Lefebvre, is an approach that contributes to the study of the migrants’ insertion problems since it allows the articulation between the residential and political dimensions in the city and neighbourhoods. The aim of this paper is to analyse the right to the city in international migrants in a particular context of profound socio-spatial inequalities, San Carlos de Bariloche city. Geo-demographic quantitative techniques are used to study of socioeconomic and residential insertion. Likewise, local documents and regulations related to citizen participation and interviews to key informants are analysed. Migrants have inserted in San Carlos de Bariloche and have experienced different kinds of inequalities. The right to the city for these migrants was limited at an early stage by their foreign status, but their condition has progressed in recent years as a result of a more inclusive electoral municipal policy, which has improved the citizens’ legitimacy and their right to the city.Fil: Matossian, Brenda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas; Argentin

The Church and the Mediation of Grace: A Reformed Perspective on Ordained Ministry and the Threefold Office of Christ

This dissertation explores the relationship between grace, the church, ordained church offices, and the threefold office of Christ (munus triplex). The goal is to discern, in what ways and in what senses, we can speak of the mediation of grace through the church while maintaining a Reformed theological commitment to the principle that Christ alone is Mediator. Chapter one seeks to establish that Reformed doctrine regards the church both as locus and instrument of grace including the fact that the ordained offices are instruments of grace. Chapter two offers a definition of the concept of mediator, introduces categories of mediation, defines the prophetic dimension of Christ\u27s mediatorial work, and seeks to show how the pastoral office mediates the prophetic grace of Christ without impinging on the uniqueness of Christ\u27s office and work. Chapter three addresses the priestly mediation of Christ as well as the relationship between pastoral office and Christ\u27s priestly work. Chapter four is concerned to provide a Reformed approach to Christ\u27s royal office and how it is made manifest in the church today through all three ordained offices in the Reformed tradition--pastors, elders, and deacons. The introduction and conclusion briefly introduce, and draw connections between, the body of the dissertation and the Presbyterian debate between the so-called two-office and three-office views of church office and also make some preliminary suggestions of the usefulness of the dissertation\u27s concern for ecumenical dialogue between the Reformed and Roman Catholic churches. The overarching concern is to recover a Reformed understanding of the centrality of the church in God\u27s plan of salvation

Impunity, Lack of Humanitarian Intervention, and International Apathy: The Blockade of the Lachin Corridor in Historical Perspective

This article will analyze the existential threat facing by the Armenians of the beleaguered Republic of Artsakh in the context of three phases of mass violence inflicted on Armenians in the modern period: the Hamidian Massacres of 1894–1896, the Adana Massacres of 1909, and the Armenian Genocide (1915–1923). Despite the teleological differences of these phases, there seems to be three key common denominators connecting all of them together: impunity, lack of humanitarian intervention, and international apathy. After dwelling on the history of impunity, the absence of humanitarian intervention, and international apathy, this article will concentrate on the disastrous repercussions of the closing of the Lachin Corridor and the ensuing humanitarian crisis in the fragile Republic of Artsakh. This article will argue that the three important factors that led to disastrous repercussions for the Armenians in the past are present today, thereby raising the red flag for potential ethnic cleansing