Recurring flood distribution patterns related to short-term Holocene climatic variability

Received: 01 July 2015, Accepted: 08 October 2015, Published online: 09 November 2015Millennial- and multi-centennial scale climate variability during the Holocene has been well documented, but its impact on the distribution and timing of extreme river floods has yet to be established. Here we present a meta-analysis of more than 2000 radiometrically dated flood units to reconstruct centennial-scale Holocene flood episodes in Europe and North Africa. Our data analysis shows a general increase in flood frequency after 5000 cal. yr BP consistent with a weakening in zonal circulation over the second half of the Holocene, and with an increase in winter insolation. Multi-centennial length phases of flooding in UK and central Europe correspond with periods of minimum solar irradiance, with a clear trend of increasing flood frequency over the last 1000 years. Western Mediterranean regions show synchrony of flood episodes associated with negative phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation that are out-of-phase with those evident within the eastern Mediterranean. This long-term flood record reveals complex but geographically highly interconnected climate-flood relationships, and provides a new framework to understand likely future spatial changes of flood frequency.GB was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the research projects CLARIES (CGL2011–29176), and PALEOMED (CGL2014–58127-C3-1-R).Peer reviewe

Spark Plasma Sintering of NiCrSiBC Alloys

Nickel-based alloys of the NiCrSiBC system (colmonoy alloys) are normally deposited on stainless-steel substrates for coating applications, once they present high resistance to wear and corrosion at high temperatures. Typically, deposition occurs through welding processes, such as PTA (plasma transferred arc) or laser cladding. This study mainly aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the spark plasma sintering (SPS) process through the evaluation of the sintered body density, and structural and microstructural analysis of the Colmonoy-5. SPS sintering occurred at 900°C under 50 MPa for 15 minutes. Powder morphology was evaluated by confocal microscopy. The sintered samples were evaluated according to their density (Archimedes’ method), phase composition, microstructure, and hardness (Vickers hardness). Results showed that the Colmonoy-5 alloy can be effectively produced through SPS sintering, reaching densification above 90%. Microstructural analysis showed that there was the formation of hardening phases, such as borides and chromium carbides. The same phases are found in colmonoy alloys deposited on the stainless-steel substrate

Russkaja (sovetskaja) literatura dlja detej v ideologičeskom mire posle Oktjabrʹskoj revoljucii : analiz detskoj poėzii v žurnale "Murzilka" (1924-1941)

In dieser Masterarbeit werden Darstellungen von poetischen Werken analysiert, die in der sowjetischen Zeit von 1924 für 1941 in der Kinderzeitschrift "Murzilka" abgedruckt wurden. Die Hauptfragen in dieser Arbeit sind folgende:Welche Individuen wurden durch die Beeinflussung hervorgebracht? Mit welchen Vorbildern und Gedanken manipulierte man ganz bewusst die Heranwachsenden? Welche Autoren und welche ihrer Werke wurden von der Redaktion der Zeitschrift bevorzugt? Kinderliteratur ist eine grundlegende Methode, um die Persönlichkeitsentwicklung innerhalb der Grenzen einer politischen Ideologie zu beeinflussen oder möglicherweise zu kontrollieren. Mit dem Bewusstsein, dass die junge Generation auf Informationen der älteren Generation angewiesen ist, ist die Literatur für Kinder und Jugendliche ein perfektes Instrument der Manipulation.Bereits früh haben Führer aus Sowjetrußland die oben beschriebene gegenseitige Abhängigkeit zwischen ihrer kommunistischen Ideologie und der Kinderliteratur erkannt. Daher mussten die Kinder dieser Zeit (seit den ersten Lebensjahren) durch die politische und soziale Verbreitung der Bolschewiken eingeschränkt werden. Poetische Arbeiten in der Zeitschrift "Murzilka" wurden zu einem ideologischen Dirigenten für sowjetische Kinder in der Welt des Kommunismus, in einer Erwachsenengesellschaft und in Zeiten des Wohlstands des Proletariats.So half die russisch sowjetische Kinderliteratur den Ideologen des Bolschewismus, Charakterqualitäten wie Fleiß, Kollektivismus und sozialistischen Patriotismus hervorzubringen; Intoleranz zwischen den Klassen, Atheismus, eine Antipathie (mit Neid) für soziale, wirtschaftliche und politische Erfolge des Kapitalismus. In dieser sowjetischen Gesellschaft herrschte damals ein Leben mit einer Perversion der Wahrheit vor.In this thesis, depictions of poetic works, which have been printed in the children's magazine "Murzilka" during the Soviet period, from 1924 to 1941, are analyzed. The main questions of this thesis are as follows:Which kinds of individuals were “created” due to the influence on childrens literature?Which thoughts and ideals manipulated the youth? Which writers and which kinds of poems have been preferred by the editorial department of the magazine?Another topic of this thesis is how the lyrical hero in these poems is constructed and how the young readers got manipulated based on the depiction of heroes in the USSR during the aforementioned historical epoch.Children's literature is a basic method to influence or control the development of personality within the limits of any political ideology. With the awareness that the young generation depends on information given by the senior generation, the literature for children and young adults is the perfect tool for manipulation. Leaders of Soviet Russia have realized the above mentioned interdependence between their communistic ideology and the literature for children early. Therefore, children of that time (from their early years onwards) had to be restrained by the political and social propagation of the Bolsheviks. Poetic works in the magazine "Murzilka" became an ideological conductor for Soviet children in the world of communism, in an adult society, and in the prosperity of the proletariat. Thus, the Russian Soviet literature for children helped ideologists of the Bolshevism to produce qualities of character such as diligence, collectivism and socialist patriotism; interclass intolerance, atheism, an antipathy (including envy) for social, economic and political successes of capitalism. Life with a perversion of truth prevailed in the Soviet society of that period.vorgelegt von Viktoryia MatlakhovaZusammenfassungen in Russisch, Deutsch und EnglischAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der VerfasserinIn russischer SpracheKarl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2019(VLID)342710

Phase Composition and Temperature Effect on the Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, Internal Friction, and Dilatometric Changes in AISI 4130 Steel

Elastic properties of materials and their changes with temperature are important for their applications in engineering. In the present study the influence of phase composition and temperature of AISI 4130 alloy on Young’s modulus (Ed), shear modulus (Gd), and damping (Q−1) was carried out by the impulse excitation technique (IET). The material characterization was performed using confocal microscopy, XRD, SEM, HV, and dilatometry. A stable structure, composed of ferrite (BCC) and pearlite (α-Fe + Fe3C), was obtained by annealing. Metastable structure of martensite (BCT) was obtained by quenching. The Ed, Gd, and Q−1 were measured by varying the temperature from RT to 900 °C. The values of Ed and Gd, at RT, were determined as 201.5 and 79.2 GPa (annealed) and 190.13 and 76.5 GPa (quenched), respectively. In the annealed steel, the values Ed and Gd decrease linearly on heating up to 650 °C, with thermal expansion. In the quenched steel, weak changes occurred in the dilatometric curve, Ed, Gd, and Q−1, in the range of 350–450 °C, which indicated decompositions of the martensitic phase. A sharp decrease in the moduli and high peak of Q−1 were observed for both samples around 650–900 °C, revealing low lattice elastic stability of the phases during transformations α(BCC) + Fe3Cγ(FCC)

Ionic liquids as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel protection in hydrochloric acid solution: A first review

Carbon steel is one of the most worldwide applied metallic alloy and commonly used in severe industrial condition specially in the extraction and processing of oil/gas, which make this alloy highly susceptible to corrosion. The use of corrosion inhibitors is mandatory to protect carbon steel in such condition. Conventional corrosion inhibitors, have been for decades the main solution to reduce the corrosive effect on carbon steel. However, the substances used in traditional inhibitors are highly toxic to humans and a threat to the environment. In this context, new substances are being used, such as ionic liquids. This class includes a wide range of molten salts that, owing to their useful combinations of properties are highly effective for many practical applications. In this first review, important advances reported in recent literature are presented, in which the authors applied ionic liquids as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in hydrochloric acid. As a comparative effect, all these discussed results were obtained from potentiodynamic polarization tests