Internal and External Fluctuation Activated Non-equilibrium Reactive Rate Process

The activated rate process for non-equilibrium open systems is studied taking into account both internal and external noise fluctuations in a unified way. The probability of a particle diffusing passing over the saddle point and the rate constant together with the effective transmission coefficient are calculated via the method of reactive flux. We find that the complexity of internal noise is always harmful to the diffusion of particles. However the external modulation may be beneficial to the rate process.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure (containing 2 subgraphs). arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:cond-mat/9911028 by other author

Si photocathode with Ag-supported dendritic Cu catalyst for CO2 reduction

Si photocathodes integrated with Ag-supported dendritic Cu catalysts are used to perform light-driven reduction of CO2 to C2 and C3 products in aqueous solution. A back illumination geometry with an n-type Si absorber was used to permit the use of absorbing metallic catalysts. Selective carrier collection was accomplished by a p+ implantation on the illumination side and an n+ implantation followed by atomic layer deposition of TiO2 on the electrolyte site. The Ag-supported dendritic Cu CO2 reduction catalyst was formed by evaporation of Ag followed by high-rate electrodeposition of Cu to form a high surface area structure. Under simulated 1 sun illumination in 0.1 M CsHCO3 saturated with CO2, the photovoltage generated by the Si (∼600 mV) enables C2 and C3 products to be produced at -0.4 vs. RHE. Texturing of both sides of the Si increases the light-limited current density, due to reduced reflection on the illumination side, and also deceases the onset potential. Under simulated diurnal illumination conditions photocathodes maintain over 60% faradaic efficiency to hydrocarbon and oxygenate products (mainly ethylene, ethanol, propanol) for several days. After 10 days of testing, contamination from the counter electrode is observed, which causes an increase in hydrogen production. This effect is mitigated by a regeneration procedure which restores the original catalyst selectivity. A tandem, self-powered CO2 reduction device was formed by coupling a Si photocathode with two series-connected semitransparent CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells, achieving an efficiency for the conversion of sunlight to hydrocarbons and oxygenates of 1.5% (3.5% for all products)

Rigorous Calculations of Non-Abelian Statistics in the Kitaev Honeycomb Model

We develop a rigorous and highly accurate technique for calculation of the Berry phase in systems with a quadratic Hamiltonian within the context of the Kitaev honeycomb lattice model. The method is based on the recently found solution of the model which uses the Jordan-Wigner-type fermionization in an exact effective spin-hardcore boson representation. We specifically simulate the braiding of two non-Abelian vortices (anyons) in a four vortex system characterized by a two-fold degenerate ground state. The result of the braiding is the non-Abelian Berry matrix which is in excellent agreement with the predictions of the effective field theory. The most precise results of our simulation are characterized by an error on the order of $10^{-5}$ or lower. We observe exponential decay of the error with the distance between vortices, studied in the range from one to nine plaquettes. We also study its correlation with the involved energy gaps and provide preliminary analysis of the relevant adiabaticity conditions. The work allows to investigate the Berry phase in other lattice models including the Yao-Kivelson model and particularly the square-octagon model. It also opens the possibility of studying the Berry phase under non-adiabatic and other effects which may constitute important sources of errors in topological quantum computation.Comment: 27 pages, 9 figures, 3 appendice

Fully quantum mechanical dynamic analysis of single-photon transport in a single-mode waveguide coupled to a traveling-wave resonator

We analyze the dynamics of single photon transport in a single-mode waveguide coupled to a micro-optical resonator using a fully quantum mechanical model. We examine the propagation of a single-photon Gaussian packet through the system under various coupling conditions. We review the theory of single photon transport phenomena as applied to the system and we develop a discussion on the numerical technique we used to solve for dynamical behavior of the quantized field. To demonstrate our method and to establish robust single photon results, we study the process of adiabatically lowering or raising the energy of a single photon trapped in an optical resonator under active tuning of the resonator. We show that our fully quantum mechanical approach reproduces the semi-classical result in the appropriate limit and that the adiabatic invariant has the same form in each case. Finally, we explore the trapping of a single photon in a system of dynamically tuned, coupled optical cavities.Comment: 24 pages, 10 figure