A Hybrid Optimized Weighted Minimum Spanning Tree for the Shortest Intrapath Selection in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of sensor nodes that need energy efficient routing techniques as they have limited battery power, computing, and storage resources. WSN routing protocols should enable reliable multihop communication with energy constraints. Clustering is an effective way to reduce overheads and when this is aided by effective resource allocation, it results in reduced energy consumption. In this work, a novel hybrid evolutionary algorithm called Bee Algorithm-Simulated Annealing Weighted Minimal Spanning Tree (BASA-WMST) routing is proposed in which randomly deployed sensor nodes are split into the best possible number of independent clusters with cluster head and optimal route. The former gathers data from sensors belonging to the cluster, forwarding them to the sink. The shortest intrapath selection for the cluster is selected using Weighted Minimum Spanning Tree (WMST). The proposed algorithm computes the distance-based Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) of the weighted graph for the multihop network. The weights are dynamically changed based on the energy level of each sensor during route selection and optimized using the proposed bee algorithm simulated annealing algorithm

Lactobacillus as a vaccine vehicle for therapy

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Inhibitive Protection of Low-Carbon Steel in Citric Acid Solutions

An effective mixture has been developed on the basis of the inhibitor IFKhAN-92 and KCNS to protect low-carbon steel in citric acid hot solutions. The proposed mixture inhibits the corrosion of steel in these solutions in a wide range of their concentrations (0.25÷2.0 М) and temperatures (20÷95°С). The effective inhibition of the corrosion of steel by the mixture under study is due to the strong retardation of the metal’s both electrode reaction

Epidemiologic evidence of spinal cord injury in Tamil Nadu, India

Background:Spinal cord injury is a fearsome disability leading to increased rate of morbidity and mortality. Information about the incidence of spinal cord injury may provide support for the healthcare advancements. The aim of the present study is to investigate the epidemiology of spinal cord injury.Methods:The present study was carried out in Rajiv Gandhi government general hospital, Chennai, India. The study design was approved by the institutional human ethical committee. Questionnaire was used to collect the information from the patients in a prospective manner. The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scoring systems was used to evaluate the severity of spinal cord injury.Results:A total of 245 cases of spinal injury were studied. Among them, 88 % (n=216) were male and 12% (n=29) were female. Spinal cord injuries of falls from height were prominent over the road traffic accident. Cervical level injuries are widespread in males and dorsal level Injuries are common in females.Conclusion:Hence awareness of the spinal cord injury and availability of healthcare facilities may minimise the consequences of spinal cord injury

Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Citric Acid by Aqueous Extract of Piper Nigrum L

Abstract: The inhibition efficiency (IE) of an aqueous extract of Piper Nigrum L. in controlling corrosion of mild steel at pH 12 has been evaluated by weight loss method in the absence and presence of inhibitor in citric acid medium at different concentration. The result showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency of these compounds was found to vary with the different concentration at two hour time interval at room temperature. Also, it was found that the corrosion inhibition behaviour of Piper Nigrum L. is greater in 2 N Citric acid than 1 N Citric acid medium. So Piper Nigrum L. can be used has a good inhibitor for preventing mild steel material which is used in many construction purpose

Tracing recharge zones for spring sources in the mid-hills of Western Nepal using stable isotopes

Springs, a major source of water in the hills and mountains of Nepal, are drying up. Since 2014, with funding from the Asian Development Bank and the Nordic Development Fund, the “Building Climate Resilience of Watersheds in Mountain Eco-Regions” (BCRWME) project is working to provide 45,000 households in vulnerable mountain communities with access to more reliable water resources via spring or surface water sources. Despite the recognition of springs as a livelihood driver in these communities and the observed alarming trends in the drying up of springs, a scientific understanding of mountain springs in Nepal has not been established. Under BCRWME, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) is leading comprehensive research characterizing mountain springs and identifying science-based interventions that can increase reliability and water availability in springs. IWMI is conducting isotope analysis in Banlek and Shikarpur in western Nepal to investigate hydrological processes in mountain springs and identify recharge zones for these springs