Livelihood resilience of the Indigenous Munda community in the Bangladesh Sundarbans forest

The Indigenous (Adivasi) Munda community in the village of Kalinchi in Shyamnagar upazilla (subdistrict), Satkhira of Bangladesh has undergone severe threats to livelihood due to the long-term effects of climatic disasters (such as: tropical cyclones, floods, salinity intrusion, famine, and heat waves). Kalinchi is situated adjacent to the riverbank of Dhojikhali near the Sundarbans Forest. This is the largest mangrove forest in the world, and it provides livelihood support to a large number of the coastal populations southwest of Bangladesh. The Adivasi Munda Community at Kalinchi has been traditionally earning a livelihood (such as harvesting honey, catching fishes and crabs in the forest surrounding rivers and channels, cutting trees and timbers) in the Sundarbans Forest. The earning of livelihoods was severely threatened, due to the severe Cyclone Aila on 9 May 2009. This chapter primarily considers the long-term socioeconomic and ecological impacts of Aila on traditional livelihoods in the Sundarbans. The current study then documents resilience with a particular focus on the human livelihood of the untouchable Adivasi Munda Community dwelling near the Bangladesh Sundarbans Forest. An autoethnographic approach combing both focus groups and face-to-face life story interviews has been utilized in this study

The centrality of social ties to climate migration and mental health

Abstract Climate change-related hazards and disasters, known to adversely impact physical and mental health outcomes, are also expected to result in human migration above current levels. Environmentally-motivated migration and displacement may lead to the disruption of existing social ties, with potentially adverse consequences for mobile populations as well as their family members who remain in places of origin. We propose that the disruption of social ties is a key mechanism by which climate-related migration may negatively impact mental health, in particular. Existing social ties may provide social and material resources that buffer mental health stressors related to both prolonged and acute climate events. Preparation for such events may also strengthen these same ties and protect mental health. Communities may leverage social ties, first to mitigate climate change, and second, to adapt and rebuild post-disaster in communities of origin. Additionally, social ties can inform migration decisions and destinations. For example, scholars have found that the drought-motivated adaptive migration of West African Fulbe herders only occurred because of the long-term development of social networks between migrants and non-migrants through trade and seasonal grazing. On the other hand, social ties do not always benefit mental health. Some migrants, including those from poor regions or communities with no formal safety net, may face considerable burden to provide financial and emotional resources to family members who remain in countries of origin. In destination communities, migrants often face significant social marginalization. Therefore, policies and programs that aim to maintain ongoing social ties among migrants and their family and community members may be critically important in efforts to enhance population resilience and adaptation to climate change and to improve mental health outcomes. Several online platforms, like Refugee Start Force, serve to integrate refugees by connecting migrants directly to people and services in destination communities. These efforts may increasingly draw upon novel technologies to support and maintain social networks in the context of population mobility due to climatic and other factors