5 research outputs found
Low frequency of enterohemorrhagic, enteroinvasive and diffusely adherent Escherichia coli in children under 5 years in rural Mozambique: a case-control study
BACKGROUND NlmCategory: BACKGROUND content:
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are among the leading
pathogens associated with endemic diarrhea in low income
countries. Yet, few epidemiological studies have focused the
contribution of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroinvasive
E. coli (EIEC) and diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC). - Label:
METHODS NlmCategory: METHODS content: "We assessed the
contribution of EHEC, EIEC and DAEC isolated from stool samples
from a case-control study conducted in children aged
<\xE2\x80\x895\xE2\x80\x89years in Southern Mozambique
between December 2007 and November 2012. The isolates were
screened by conventional PCR targeting stx1 and stx2 (EHEC), ial
and ipaH (EIEC), and daaE (DAEC) genes." - Label: RESULTS
NlmCategory: RESULTS content: "We analyzed 297 samples from
cases with less-severe diarrhea (LSD) matched to 297 controls,
and 89 samples from cases with moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD)
matched to 222 controls, collected between November 3, 2011 and
November 2, 2012. DEC were more common among LSD cases (2.7%,
[8/297] of cases vs. 1.3% [4/297] of controls;
p\xC2\xA0=\xE2\x80\x890.243]) than in MSD cases (0%, [0/89] of
cases vs. 0.4%, [1/222]\xC2\xA0of controls;
p\xC2\xA0=\xE2\x80\x891.000). Detailed analysis revealed low
frequency of EHEC, DAEC or EIEC and no association with diarrhea
in all age strata. Although the low frequency, EIEC was
predominant in LSD cases aged 24-59\xE2\x80\x89months (4.1% for
cases vs. 0% for controls), followed by DAEC in similar
frequency for cases and controls in infants (1.9%) and lastly
EHEC from one control. Analysis of a subset of samples from
previous period (December 10, 2007 and October 31, 2011) showed
high frequency of DEC in controls compared to MSD cases (16.2%,
[25/154] vs. 11.9%, [14/118], p\xC2\xA0=\xE2\x80\x890.383,
respectively). Among these, DAEC predominated, being detected in
7.7% of cases vs. 17.6% of controls aged
24-59\xE2\x80\x89months, followed by EIEC in 7.7% of cases vs.
5.9% of controls for the same age category, although no
association was observed. EHEC was detected in one sample from
cases and two from controls." - Label: CONCLUSIONS NlmCategory:
CONCLUSIONS content: Our data suggests that although EHEC, DAEC
and EIEC are less frequent in endemic diarrhea in rural
Mozambique, attention should be given to their transmission
dynamics (e.g. the role on sporadic or epidemic diarrhea)
considering that the role of asymptomatic individuals as source
of dissemination remains unknown
Gravidity and malaria trends interact to modify P. falciparum densities and detectability in pregnancy: a 3-year prospective multi-site observational study
BACKGROUND: Low-density Plasmodium falciparum infections prevail in low transmission settings, where immunity is expected to be minimal, suggesting an immune-independent effect on parasite densities. We aimed to describe parasite densities in pregnancy, and determine how gravidity and antibody-mediated immunity affect these, during a period of declining malaria transmission in southern Mozambique. METHODS: We documented P. falciparum infections at first antenatal care visits (n = 6471) between November 2016 and October 2019 in Ilha Josina (high-to-moderate transmission area), Manhiça (low transmission area), and Magude (pre-elimination area). Two-way interactions in mixed-effects regression models were used to assess gravidity-dependent differences in quantitative PCR-determined P. falciparum positivity rates (PfPRqPCR) and densities, in the relative proportion of detectable infections (pDi) with current diagnostic tests (≥ 100 parasites/μL) and in antimalarial antibodies. RESULTS: PfPRqPCR declined from 28 to 13% in Ilha Josina and from 5-7 to 2% in Magude and Manhiça. In primigravidae, pDi was highest in Ilha Josina at the first study year (p = 0.048), which declined with falling PfPRqPCR (relative change/year: 0.41, 95% CI [0.08; 0.73], p = 0.029), with no differences in antibody levels. Higher parasite densities in primigravidae from Ilha Josina during the first year were accompanied by a larger reduction of maternal hemoglobin levels (- 1.60, 95% CI [- 2.49; - 0.72; p < 0.001), than in Magude (- 0.76, 95% CI [- 1.51; - 0.01]; p = 0.047) and Manhiça (- 0.44, 95% CI [- 0.99; 0.10; p = 0.112). In contrast, multigravidae during the transmission peak in Ilha Josina carried the lowest pDi (p = 0.049). As PfPRqPCR declined, geometric mean of parasite densities increased (4.63, 95% CI [1.28; 16.82], p = 0.020), and antibody levels declined among secundigravidae from Ilha Josina. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of detectable and clinically relevant infections is the highest in primigravid women from high-to-moderate transmission settings and decreases with declining malaria. In contrast, the falling malaria trends are accompanied by increased parasite densities and reduced humoral immunity among secundigravidae. Factors other than acquired immunity thus emerge as potentially important for producing less detectable infections among primigravidae during marked declines in malaria transmission
Gravidity and malaria trends interact to modify P. falciparum densities and detectability in pregnancy: a 3-year prospective multi-site observational study
International audienceBackground Low-density Plasmodium falciparum infections prevail in low transmission settings, where immunity is expected to be minimal, suggesting an immune-independent effect on parasite densities. We aimed to describe parasite densities in pregnancy, and determine how gravidity and antibody-mediated immunity affect these, during a period of declining malaria transmission in southern Mozambique. Methods We documented P. falciparum infections at first antenatal care visits ( n = 6471) between November 2016 and October 2019 in Ilha Josina (high-to-moderate transmission area), Manhiça (low transmission area), and Magude (pre-elimination area). Two-way interactions in mixed-effects regression models were used to assess gravidity-dependent differences in quantitative PCR-determined P. falciparum positivity rates ( Pf PR qPCR ) and densities, in the relative proportion of detectable infections (pDi) with current diagnostic tests (≥ 100 parasites/μL) and in antimalarial antibodies. Results Pf PR qPCR declined from 28 to 13% in Ilha Josina and from 5–7 to 2% in Magude and Manhiça. In primigravidae, pDi was highest in Ilha Josina at the first study year ( p = 0.048), which declined with falling Pf PR qPCR (relative change/year: 0.41, 95% CI [0.08; 0.73], p = 0.029), with no differences in antibody levels. Higher parasite densities in primigravidae from Ilha Josina during the first year were accompanied by a larger reduction of maternal hemoglobin levels (− 1.60, 95% CI [− 2.49; − 0.72; p < 0.001), than in Magude (− 0.76, 95% CI [− 1.51; − 0.01]; p = 0.047) and Manhiça (− 0.44, 95% CI [− 0.99; 0.10; p = 0.112). In contrast, multigravidae during the transmission peak in Ilha Josina carried the lowest pDi ( p = 0.049). As Pf PR qPCR declined, geometric mean of parasite densities increased (4.63, 95% CI [1.28; 16.82], p = 0.020), and antibody levels declined among secundigravidae from Ilha Josina. Conclusions The proportion of detectable and clinically relevant infections is the highest in primigravid women from high-to-moderate transmission settings and decreases with declining malaria. In contrast, the falling malaria trends are accompanied by increased parasite densities and reduced humoral immunity among secundigravidae. Factors other than acquired immunity thus emerge as potentially important for producing less detectable infections among primigravidae during marked declines in malaria transmission
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Genomic malaria surveillance of antenatal care users detects reduced transmission following elimination interventions in Mozambique.
Routine sampling of pregnant women at first antenatal care (ANC) visits could make Plasmodium falciparum genomic surveillance more cost-efficient and convenient in sub-Saharan Africa. We compare the genetic structure of parasite populations sampled from 289 first ANC users and 93 children from the community in Mozambique between 2015 and 2019. Samples are amplicon sequenced targeting 165 microhaplotypes and 15 drug resistance genes. Metrics of genetic diversity and relatedness, as well as the prevalence of drug resistance markers, are consistent between the two populations. In an area targeted for elimination, intra-host genetic diversity declines in both populations (p = 0.002-0.007), while for the ANC population, population genetic diversity is also lower (p = 0.0004), and genetic relatedness between infections is higher (p = 0.002) than control areas, indicating a recent reduction in the parasite population size. These results highlight the added value of genomic surveillance at ANC clinics to inform about changes in transmission beyond epidemiological data
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Targeted and whole-genome sequencing reveal a north-south divide in P. falciparum drug resistance markers and genetic structure in Mozambique.
Mozambique is one of the four African countries which account for over half of all malaria deaths worldwide, yet little is known about the parasite genetic structure in that country. We performed P. falciparum amplicon and whole genome sequencing on 2251 malaria-infected blood samples collected in 2015 and 2018 in seven provinces of Mozambique to genotype antimalarial resistance markers and interrogate parasite population structure using genome-wide microhaplotyes. Here we show that the only resistance-associated markers observed at frequencies above 5% were pfmdr1-184F (59%), pfdhfr-51I/59 R/108 N (99%) and pfdhps-437G/540E (89%). The frequency of pfdhfr/pfdhps quintuple mutants associated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance increased from 80% in 2015 to 89% in 2018 (p < 0.001), with a lower expected heterozygosity and higher relatedness of microhaplotypes surrounding pfdhps mutants than wild-type parasites suggestive of recent selection. pfdhfr/pfdhps quintuple mutants also increased from 72% in the north to 95% in the south (2018; p < 0.001). This resistance gradient was accompanied by a concentration of mutations at pfdhps-436 (17%) in the north, a south-to-north increase in the genetic complexity of P. falciparum infections (p = 0.001) and a microhaplotype signature of regional differentiation. The parasite population structure identified here offers insights to guide antimalarial interventions and epidemiological surveys