UJI ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN TAHONGAI (Kleinhovia hospita Linn) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans IN-VITRO

Tahongai (Kleinhovia hospita Linn) merupakan tanaman herbal yang banyak dijadikan obat tradisional oleh masyarakat suku Dayak. Tahongai memiliki berbagai khasiat yang dapat digunakan untuk menunjang kesehatan tubuh. Didalam tanaman ini juga terdapat senyawa aktif yang dapat berfungsi sebagai zat antibakteri. Terutama pada bagian daun Tahongai, memiliki kandungan senyawa aktif seperti flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, dan terpenoid yang dapat berfungsi sebagai senyawa antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek antibakteri dari ekstrak daun tanaman Tahongai terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans secara In-vitro. Desain penelitian ini adalah post test only control group design dengan menggunakan uji Disc Diffusion (Kirby-Bauer). Penelitian ini menggunakan bakteri A. actinomycetemcomitans yang diberi perlakuan ekstrak etanol daun Tahongai (K. hospita Linn) dengan konsentrasi 5%, 10%, 15%, dan 20%. Kemudian dilakukan pengulangan sebanyak lima kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun Tahongai (K. hospita Linn) tidak mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri A. actinomycetemcomitans pada konsentrasi 5%, 10%, 15%, dan 20%.

Risk Factors of Typhoid Infection in the Indonesian Archipelago.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of risk factors and their relative importance in different settings is essential to develop effective health education material for the prevention of typhoid. In this study, we examine the effect of household level and individual behavioural risk factors on the risk of typhoid in three Indonesian islands (Sulawesi, Kalimantan and Papua) in the Eastern Indonesian archipelago encompassing rural, peri-urban and urban areas. METHODS: We enrolled 933 patients above 10 years of age in a health facility-based case-control study between June 2010 and June 2011. Individuals suspected of typhoid were tested using the typhoid IgM lateral flow assay for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever followed by blood culture testing. Cases and controls were defined post-recruitment: cases were individuals with a culture or serology positive result (n = 449); controls were individuals negative to both serology and culture, with or without a diagnosis other than typhoid (n = 484). Logistic regression was used to examine the effect of household level and individual level behavioural risk factors and we calculated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of removing each risk significant independent behavioural risk factor. RESULTS: Washing hands at critical moments of the day and washing hands with soap were strong independent protective factors for typhoid (OR = 0.38 95% CI 0.25 to 0.58 for each unit increase in hand washing frequency score with values between 0 = Never and 3 = Always; OR = 3.16 95% CI = 2.09 to 4.79 comparing washing hands with soap sometimes/never vs. often). These effects were independent of levels of access to water and sanitation. Up to two thirds of cases could be prevented by compliance to these practices (hand washing PAF = 66.8 95% CI 61.4 to 71.5; use of soap PAF = 61.9 95%CI 56.7 to 66.5). Eating food out in food stalls or restaurant was an important risk factor (OR = 6.9 95%CI 4.41 to 10.8 for every unit increase in frequency score). CONCLUSIONS: Major gains could potentially be achieved in reducing the incidence of typhoid by ensuring adherence to adequate hand-washing practices alone. This confirms that there is a pivotal role for 'software' related interventions to encourage behavior change and create demand for goods and services, alongside development of water and sanitation infrastructure

The Antibacterial Activity of Leaves Ethanol Extract, Stem Bark, and Latex of Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) towards Bacterial Growth Streptococcus mutans as in vitro

Background: Indonesia has many types of plants, which have medicinal properties and are used to cure various diseases. One of plant that has medicinal properties is the Angsana plant (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) which traditionally can cure dental and oral diseases.Method: This research used experimental laboratory with disc diffusion methods. Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) was taken from as city ornamental tree in Samarinda city. The bacteria which used were Streptococcus mutans. The samples consisted of 11 treatment groups is leaves ethanol extract, stem bark, and Angsana latex respectively with concentration 25%, 50%, 75%, positive control group (chlorhexidine 0,2%), and negative control group (sterile aquades). Data analysis using Shapiro-Wilk test and One-Way Annova test.Result: The results showed that leaves ethanol extract, stem bark, and Angsana latex (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.). All concentrations have antibacterial activity against the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The highest and the lowest concentrations that can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans are 50% ethanol stem bark extract and 25% leaves ethanol extract.Conclusion: The conclusion of this study proves that the leaves, stem bark ethanol extract, and Angsana latex (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) Have antibacterial activity against the growth of Streptococcus mutans

Uji Efek Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Mitragyna (Mitragyna Speciosa) Pada Mencit (Mus Musculus) Dengan Metode Induksi Xylene Pada Telinga Mencit

Latar Belakang: Daun sapat (Mitragyna speciosa) diketahui mengandung zat aktif flavanoid, dan alkaloid, serta memiliki efek antiinflamasi dengan metode edema kaki yang diinduksi karagenan pada tikus. Namun,  efek antiinflamasi ekstrak etanol daun Mitragyna speciosa (MS) dengan metode induksi xylene pada telinga mencit belum pernah dilaporkan. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek antiinflamasi ekstrak Mitragyna speciosa dengan metode induksi xylenepada telinga mencit Metode: Mencit jantan dibagi ke dalam 5 kelompok (n=5): kontrol negatif (CMC 0,5%), kontrol positif (natrium diklofenak 0,013 mg/gr BB), dosis I (ekstrak MS 0,5 mg/gr BB), dosis II (ekstrak MS 1 mg/gr BB), dosis III (ekstrak MS 2 mg/gr BB) diberikan secara oral sebelum induksi xylene pada telinga mencit. Ketebalan telinga diukur dengan digimatic calliper pada menit ke-30,60,90, dan 120 setelah diinduksi xylene. Efek antiinflamasi dinyatakan dengan nilai AUC (Area Under Curve) edema dan disajikan dalam mean ± SD. Uji statistik dengan ANOVA berbeda bermakna jika p<0,05 Hasil: Nilai AUC edema masing-masing kelompok yaitu kontrol negatif (77±11,6), kontrol positif (31,72 ± 6,67), dosis I (46,37 ± 10,04), dosis II (32,33± 11,24), dan dosis III (26,69 ± 6,57). Uji ANOVA (p=0,01), dosis I, dosis II, dan dosis III berbeda bermakna (p<0,05) dengan kontrol negatif Kesimpulan: Ekstrak MS mempunyai efek anti-inflamasi pada telinga mencit yang diinduksi xylen

Baseline characteristics by case definition.

<p>Baseline characteristics by case definition.</p

Distribution of individual level risk factors by case definition [1].

<p>¹ Type I controls were individuals negative to both serology and culture (n = 305); Type II controls were individuals negative to serology and with a diagnosis other than typhoid (n = 144); Type I cases were individuals with a culture positive result regardless of serological result (n = 174); Type II cases were individuals who had a culture negative but seropositive results (n = 310); ² Continuous score with values between 0 = Never and 3 = Always. ³ Categorical variable 0 = Sometimes/Never, 1 = Often, 2 = Always. ⁴ Categorical variable 1 = Less than once a week, 2 = Once a week, 3 = Few times a week, 4 = Every day</p

Baseline characteristics by case definition.

<p>Baseline characteristics by case definition.</p

Population attributable fraction (PAF) and 95% CI of increased odds of typhoid infection for each behavioural risk factor, by island ¹.

<p>Population attributable fraction (PAF) and 95% CI of increased odds of typhoid infection for each behavioural risk factor, by island <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0155286#t004fn001" target="_blank">¹</a>.</p

Diagnostic algorithm.

<p>¹ Fever on the day of consultation (body temperature measured axillary >37.5°C); fever duration ≥3 days; headache since the start of the fever. ² IgM lateral flow assay</p

Location of study sites and participating health facilities.

<p>Location of study sites and participating health facilities.</p