63 research outputs found
Probabilistic Assessment of Sex-Dependent Medical Risk During Spaceflight
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Colonoscopy Screening in the US Astronaut Corps
Historically, colonoscopy screenings for astronauts have been conducted to ensure that astronauts are in good health for space missions. This data has been identified as being useful for determining appropriate occupational surveillance targets and requirements. Colonoscopies in the astronaut corps can be used for: (a) Assessing overall colon health, (b) A point of reference for future tests in current and former astronauts, (c) Following-up and tracking rates of colorectal cancer and polyps; and (d) Comparison to military and other terrestrial populations. In 2003, medical screening requirements for the active astronaut corps changed to require less frequent colonoscopies. Polyp removal during a colonoscopy is an intervention that prevents the polyp from potentially developing into cancer and decreases the individual's risk for colon cancer
Economic Aspect of the Importance of a Balanced Diet: Reducing the Burden on Healthcare
ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ.The study examines the importance of a balanced diet in the modern world due to its impact on health and disease prevention. Proper nutrition helps maintain physical and mental health, increases productivity and improves quality of life. Malnutrition and obesity increase healthcare costs because of the need to treat related diseases, which puts pressure on health budgets and can reduce the availability of medical care
Features of T lymphocyte subpopulation profile in patients with ankylosing spondylitis undergoing genetically engineered biological therapy
The aim of current study was to compare profiles of T cell subsets in the patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) who received different modes of genetically engineered biological therapy (GEBT). The research involved 58 patients aged 20 to 58 years diagnosed with AS and treated with anti-TNFΞ± and antiIL-17 drugs, as well as those receiving common anti-inflammatory therapy. The AS diagnostics was based on the modified New York criteria. Disease activity was assessed by means of nomenclature approved by the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society and Outcome Measures in Rheumatology. 45 healthy people aged 18 to 57 were included into the control group. Peripheral blood T cell subsets were analysed by multicolor flow cytometry. It was found that the T lymphocyte subpopulation profiles in AS patients showed significant differences depending on the therapy type. First, T lymphocyte counts were decreased in AS patients receiving traditional anti-inflammatory therapy, whereas relative numbers of T cells with high levels of effector potential and cytokine secretion were increased. Negative correlations between the levels of effector memory and pre-effector cytotoxic T cells and other laboratory and clinical indexes of inflammatory activity in AS may reflect lower efficiency of traditional therapy. Next, the levels of main T cell subsets in AS patients during antiIL-17 therapy fully corresponded to the control values. However, based on numerous correlations between immunological and clinical laboratory parameters, it was concluded that anti-IL-17 therapy had an inhibitory effect on the joint inflammation activity, while the state of T cell subsets was mainly dependent on standard anti-inflammatory therapy. The most pronounced changes in T cell subsets were found in AS patients during anti-TNFΞ± therapy was associated with decreased effector potential of Th cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. At the same time, the lowest frequency of extraskeletal manifestations was found in AS patients treated with anti-TNFΞ± drugs. Finally, the higher efficiency of GEBT, compared with conventional methods of therapy, is determined by the effects upon immune targets of AS pathogenesis which manifested, e.g., by changes in the T lymphocyte subpopulation profile. Moreover, usage of anti-TNFΞ± versus anti-IL-17 inhibitors was associated with greater effect upon phenotypic profile of T cells
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Proposed mechanism for reduced jugular vein flow in microgravity
Internal jugular flow is reduced in space compared with supine values, which can be associated with internal jugular vein (IJV) thrombosis. The mechanism is unknown but important to understand to prevent potentially serious vein thromboses on long duration flights. We used a novel, microgravity-focused numerical model of the cranial vascular circulation to develop hypotheses for the reduced flow. This model includes the effects of removing hydrostatic gradients and tissue compressive forces - unique effects of weightlessness. The IJV in the model incorporates sensitivity to transmural pressure across the vein, which can dramatically affect resistance and flow in the vein. The model predicts reduced IJV flow in space. Although tissue weight in the neck is reduced in weightlessness, increasing transmural pressure, this is more than offset by the reduction in venous pressure produced by the loss of hydrostatic gradients and tissue pressures throughout the body. This results in a negative transmural pressure and increased IJV resistance. Unlike the IJV, the walls of the vertebral plexus are rigid; transmural pressure does not affect its resistance and so its flow increases in microgravity. This overall result is supported by spaceflight measurements, showing reduced IJV area inflight compared with supine values preflight. Significantly, this hypothesis suggests that interventions that further decrease internal IJV pressure (such as lower body negative pressure), which are not assisted by other drainage mechanisms (e.g. gravity), might lead to stagnant flow or IJV collapse with reduced flow, which could increase rather than decrease the risk of venous thrombosis.
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