Analytical solution of Stokes flow inside an evaporating sessile drop: Spherical and cylindrical cap shapes

Exact analytical solutions are derived for the Stokes flows within evaporating sessile drops of spherical and cylindrical cap shapes. The results are valid for arbitrary contact angle. Solutions are obtained for arbitrary evaporative flux distributions along the free surface as long as the flux is bounded at the contact line. The field equations, E^4(Psi)=0 and Del^4(Phi)=0, are solved for the spherical and cylindrical cap cases, respectively. Specific results and computations are presented for evaporation corresponding to uniform flux and to purely diffusive gas phase transport into an infinite ambient. Wetting and non-wetting contact angles are considered with the flow patterns in each case being illustrated. For the spherical cap with evaporation controlled by vapor phase diffusion, when the contact angle lies in the range 0<theta_c<pi, the mass flux of vapor becomes singular at the contact line. This condition required modification when solving for the liquid phase transport. Droplets in all of the above categories are considered for the following two cases: the contact lines are either pinned or free to move during evaporation. The present viscous flow behavior is compared to the inviscid flow behavior previously reported. It is seen that the streamlines for viscous flow lie farther from the substrate than the corresponding inviscid ones.Comment: Revised version; in review in Physics of Fluid

Ancient Logic and its Modern Interpretations: Proceedings of the Buffalo Symposium on Modernist Interpretations of Ancient Logic, 21 and 22 April, 1972

Articles by Ian Mueller, Ronald Zirin, Norman Kretzmann, John Corcoran, John Mulhern, Mary Mulhern,Josiah Gould, and others. Topics: Aristotle's Syllogistic, Stoic Logic, Modern Research in Ancient Logic

Educating Peace in Pakistan

Historical record reveals that out of three and a half thousand years only two hundred and fifty years were peaceful. In other words, the history of civilization is history of constant warfare, destruction and violence and not of prosperity, peace and development. In the last century the culture of war and intolerance, in all its manifestation, became one of the greatest evil of humankind. The post 9/11 Pakistan has witnessed alarming levels of violence. The conflict between the state and the non-state actors has resulted in a massive socioeconomic and political turmoil in the country. During last eleven years over three hundred and twenty suicide attacks killed nearly forty thousand innocent people. This violence and terrorism has emerged as the most devastating threat to already marginalized and poorly managed public sector education system. The paper highlights the significance of peace education for internally peace starved Pakistan in the light of efforts made by the government in this regard and stimulates further discussion for a clearer articulation of good practice and networking in Peace Education. Short term as well as long term remedies of the problem including development of Integrated, organized and uniform national education system to achieve better dividends of peace education efforts made by all stake holders has also been suggested. Key Words: Peace and Development, Culture of War, Intolerance, Peace education, Remedie

Zinc and copper status in children with high family risk of premature cardiovascular disease

Background: Zinc and copper are beneficial to health, growth and development, and also for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) with regards to improved dietary habits as a preliminary step in CVD prevention. This study was conducted among 2-18-year-old children with high family risk of premature CVD in comparison to controls. Subjects and Methods: One hundred randomly selected children whose parents had premature myocardial infarction were included in the study. The controls were 100 individuals randomly selected from the case group's neighbors and matched for age, sex and socioeconomic status. A four-day food record questionnaire was used to assess zinc and copper intakes, and their serum levels were determined using Flame-Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The data were analyzed by SPSS/Windows V6 software, using the Student's t and Mantel-Hanzel tests. Significance of differences was considered at P<0.05. Results: The daily zinc intake was significantly lower in the case than control group (6.89±2.97 vs. 8.30±2.45 mg, P=0.047). The mean serum zinc level was not significantly different between both groups (82.12±14.1 vs. 92.26±23.7 µg/dL, P>0.05). Zinc deficiency was more prevalent among the case in boys than their controls (58% vs. 18%, P=0.04). This difference was not significant in girls (44% vs. 40%). The daily intake and serum level of copper were not significantly different between the case and control groups. No case of copper deficiency was found. The mean systolic blood pressure was not significantly different between the zinc-deficient and zinc-sufficient subjects. Although the mean diastolic blood pressure of the former was higher than the latter, there was no statistically significant difference. About 23.7% of all studied sample had mild-to-moderate degrees of failure to thrive, with significantly lower daily intake and serum zinc level than other subjects (5.41±1.06 mg, 82.09±12.74 µg/dL vs. 6.89±2.14 mg, 99.25±27.15 µg/dL, respectively, P<0.05). Conclusion: It is recommended that emphasis be placed on the consumption of food rich in zinc by children, especially those with high family risk of premature CVD. Ann Saudi Med 2002;22(5-6):291-294

Network Attacks Detection by Hierarchical Neural Network

Intrusion detection is an emerging area of research in the computer security and net-works with the growing usage of internet in everyday life. Most intrusion detection systems (IDSs) mostly use a single classifier algorithm to classify the network traffic data as normal behavior or anomalous. However, these single classifier systems fail to provide the best possible attack detection rate with low false alarm rate. In this paper,we propose to use a hybrid intelligent approach using a combination of classifiers in order to make the decision intelligently, so that the overall performance of the resul-tant model is enhanced. The general procedure in this is to follow the supervised or un-supervised data filtering with classifier or cluster first on the whole training dataset and then the output are applied to another classifier to classify the data. In this re- search, we applied Neural Network with Supervised and Unsupervised Learning in order to implement the intrusion detection system. Moreover, in this project, we used the method of Parallelization with real time application of the system processors to detect the systems intrusions.Using this method enhanced the speed of the intrusion detection. In order to train and test the neural network, NSLKDD database was used. Creating some different intrusion detection systems, each of which considered as a single agent, we precisely proceeded with the signature-based intrusion detection of the network.In the proposed design, the attacks have been classified into 4 groups and each group is detected by an Agent equipped with intrusion detection system (IDS).These agents act independently and report the intrusion or non-intrusion in the system; the results achieved by the agents will be studied in the Final Analyst and at last the analyst reports that whether there has been an intrusion in the system or not. Keywords: Intrusion Detection, Multi-layer Perceptron, False Positives, Signature- based intrusion detection, Decision tree, Nave Bayes Classifie

Educational Aims, Their Determination and Selection as Perceived by Allama Dr Sir Muhammad Iqbal

Allama Dr Sir Muhammad Iqbal, usually called the Poet of East, a poet philosopher of 19th century  subcontinent had a unique concept of education that carries the vital significance being the contribution of both modern and ancient thoughts. Iqbal’s well balanced thoughts are based upon the strong roots of Islamic teachings on one side and being progressive and  coping with the modern scientific age on the other side. This paper highlights the significance as well relevance of Iqbal’s educational philosophy particularly educational aims in today’s world. Iqbal’s educational aims are not fixed, static and immutable but which should be flexible and subject to continual reconstruction. In a universe of change and evolution aims and objectives, Iqbal suggests, should be tentative and must shift with the rest of scenery of changing individuals and their environments. Since Iqbal preaches the life of ideals and proposes untiring effort to realize them, the study of Iqbal’s concept of educational aims can act as a beacon light for educators and a rich source of guidance in the classroom. Keywords: Workforce sizing, Job-shop production, Holonic mode

An Emergence and Paradigm Shift of Biographical Research in Electronic Era

The present era which is called the Research century has raised and diversified the elements of research in many different aspects, categories and subcategories. This research paper has first developed the theme for clearing the mirror of biographical research. The biographical research is based on an individual life and it revolves around aspects of life. This research owns the diamond shape because it includes method, experience, ethnography, oral history, life story, history, autobiography, life, personal history, ethnography story, epiphany, life history, case, and biography, self-story, narrator, writing presence, personal experience story, discourse and fiction. The core concept of this research is to draw the clear picture of biographical research by analyzing common and agreed techniques from different researchers and practitioners. The biographical research revolves around the human life and it observes it how a person’s acts, behave, react and understand towards a particular condition or event. Furthermore, researcher of a biographical research interprets in such a way that the reader feels himself as the part of that particular event and is able to conclude and learn from the experiences. Keywords: Biographical research, Life story, Life history, Paradigm

Tree-ring Growth Modelling Applied to Bayesian Dendrochronology

Classical dendrochronology involves using standard statistical methods, such as correlation coefficients and t-values to crossmatch undated tree-ring width sequences to dated 'master' chronologies. This crossmatching process aims to identify the 'best' offset between the dated and undated sequences with a view to providing a calendar date estimate for the undated trees. Motivated by the successful and routine use of Bayesian statistical methods to provide a fully probabilistic approach to radiocarbon dating, this thesis investigates the practicality of using a process-based forward model known as 'VSLite' at the core of Bayesian dendrochronology. The mechanistic VSLite model has the potential to capture key characteristics of the complex system that links climate to tree-ring formation. It allows simulated, dated tree-ring chronologies to be generated at any geographical location where historical climate records exist. Embedding VSLite within a Bayesian approach to tree-ring dating allows combination of both ring-width data and any available prior information. Additionally, instead of identifying the `best' calendar date estimate, the Bayesian approach allows provision of probabilistic statements about a collection of possible dates, each with a specific (posterior) probability. The impact of uncertainty in the VSLite input parameters on the model output has been systematically investigated in this thesis, and the VSLite-based approach to Bayesian tree-ring dating has been explored using both simulated and real data. Results of implementing the new VSLite-based approach are compared with those using current classical and Bayesian approaches. An option for reducing the need for preprocessing data is also investigated via a data-adaptive rescaling approach. Having established the effectiveness of using the mechanistic forward model as the core for Bayesian dendrochronology, the practicality of adopting it to aid in dating in the absence of suitable local master chronologies is also explored