Using counterfactuals to display facts – the case of satirical humor

Satire has not been given the humorologists’ attention to an extent that would do justice to the amount of humor satire actually holds. Therefore, the intention of this paper is to shed light on satire as humorous discourse, with an emphasis on counterfactuals. Interestingly enough, counterfactuals oppose the actual state of affairs; rhetorically however, they show potential to reveal the truth. Political satire is an area of conflict between truth and falsehood which is exactly why this type of satire is discussed in this paper. Tools from Cognitive Linguistics – framing and blending – are utilized to show to what extent counterfactuals are actually false and how they essentially contribute to satire. Examples of political satire are selected from Comedy Central’s The Daily Show

New findings and confirmation of the presence of two alien grass species in Croatia: Cenchrus longisetus and Sporobolus indicus

This paper provides new data concerning the presence of two alien grass species in Croatia based on a revision of herbarium material from ZA, ZAHO and ZAGR, literature data and on field observations. Two poorly documented alien grass species Cenchrus longisetus M. C. Johnst. and Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br., are confirmed for the country. Brief information on the species distribution in Croatia and a discussion of the alien and invasive status in the country is provided. Judging from the literature and field observations both species should be considered as naturalized, non-invasive species in Croatia. The text is illustrated with photographs from the new localities of both species. These new confirmed records allow us to better define the European and national distribution of the targeted species and offer new insights into the alien flora of Croatia

Setaria adhaerens (Forssk.) Chiov. (Poaceae), a new alien species in the Croatian flora

Setaria adhaerens (Forssk.) Chiov. a pantropical plant species present in some parts of the European continent has been recorded for the first time in Croatia in two anthropogenic habitats in Dalmatia and one in Kvarner bay. The paper presents a short morphological description and photographs of the new alien species, as well as its distribution. A determination key is given for the Setaria taxa most frequently found in Europe

Novi lokalitet srpaste papratice Cyrtomium falcatum (L. f.) C. Presl u Hrvatskoj

Cyrtomium falcatum (L. f.) C. Presl is an ornamental fern species originally native in East Asia. It has been introduced in North America and Europe and subsequently naturalized locally. The first occurrence of C. falcatum in Croatia was reported on the island of Rab by Trinajstić & Španjol in 1994. During a field study conducted in the summer of 2015 in the area of Dubrovnik this species was found again. In this paper the new locality is reported of this alien fern species in Croatia.Cyrtomium falcatum (L. f.) C. Presl. je ukrasna vrsta papratnjače izvorno porijeklom iz istočne Azije. Unesena je u Sjevernu Ameriku i Europu i naknadno lokalno naturalizirana. O prvom nalazu vrste C. falcatum za Hrvatsku izvijestili su Trinajstić & Španjol 1994. godine kada je ista zabilježena na otoku Rabu. Tijekom terenskog istraživanja provedenog u ljeto 2015. na području Dubrovnika ova vrsta je ponovno pronađena. U radu je prikazano novo nalazište ove strane vrste papratnjače u Hrvatskoj

The Case for Semi-Strong-Form Corporate Scienter in Securities Fraud Actions

The mental state of scienter - intent to defraud - is a required element of a securities fraud claim. The scienter inquiry is fairly straightforward when the defendant is an individual. It is more complex when a corporate entity is involved because a corporation can only act through its agents; it has no mind of its own. This article compares the three approaches courts have used to impute scienter to corporate defendants in the securities fraud context and concludes by recommending the approach which strikes an appropriate balance between several dueling public policy concerns

Amputating the Long Arm of the Law: An Analysis of the U.S. Supreme Court\u27s Decision in Morrison and Why § 10(B) Still Reaches Issuers of ADRs

This Article reviews the conduct and effects tests and the Supreme Court‘s decision in Morrison. It then addresses the new transactional rule‘s impact on the application of the Exchange Act‘s antifraud provisions in several situations where courts before Morrison routinely allowed § 10(b) claims to proceed: (1) foreign-cubed actions (i.e., claims involving a foreign citizen‘s purchase of a foreign issuer‘s ordinary shares on a foreign exchange) where the fraud impacts U.S. investors or is executed in the U.S.; (2) cases involving a U.S. citizen‘s purchase of a foreign issuer‘s ordinary shares outside the U.S.; and (3) actions concerning the purchase of a foreign issuer‘s American Depository Receipts ( ADRs ). While courts are in agreement that the test articulated in Morrison prevents § 10(b) from reaching defendants in the first and second types of actions, they are in conflict as to whether ADR purchasers should be able to bring a claim. This Article argues that a recent district court decision wrongly decided the application of Morrison in the ADR context and that the new rule should not prevent most ADR purchasers from bringing a cause of action under § 10(b)

Polypogon viridis (Poaceae): nova vrsta trave u flori Bosne i Hercegovine

Water Bent Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. is native to damp places in southern Europe, the Mediterranean, South-West and Central Asia and North-East Africa and was introduced into North and South America and Australia. It has been recorded for the first time in Bosnia and Herzegovina in northeastern Bosnia at the beginning of the summer in 2017, in the vicinity of the village Bakovići near Banovići. The paper presents a short morphological description and photographs of the new species for Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the known distribution of the species. A determination key is given for Polypogon taxa registered in Bosnia and Herzegovina and neighbouring countries.Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. je autohtona vrsta vlažnih staništa južne Europe, Sredozemlja, sjeverozapadne i središnje Azije kao i sjeveroistočne Afrike, dok je unešena u Sjevernu i Južnu Ameriku te Australiju. Početkom ljeta 2017. godine je po prvi put zabilježena u Bosni i Hercegovini, kod Bakovića u blizini Banovića. U radu se donosi kratak opis morfoloških karakteristika vrste, karta poznate rasprostranjenosti te ključ za određivanje vrsta roda Polypogon zabilježenih u Bosni i Hercegovini i susjednim zemljama

The Case for Semi-Strong-Form Corporate Scienter in Securities Fraud Actions

The mental state of scienter - intent to defraud - is a required element of a securities fraud claim. The scienter inquiry is fairly straightforward when the defendant is an individual. It is more complex when a corporate entity is involved because a corporation can only act through its agents; it has no mind of its own. This article compares the three approaches courts have used to impute scienter to corporate defendants in the securities fraud context and concludes by recommending the approach which strikes an appropriate balance between several dueling public policy concerns

UNCERTAINTY, MONEY AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT

This paper presents a restatement of Keynes’s underemployment equilibrium as a center-equilibrium system. The authors present their centralequilibrium underemployment model with the income-balancing mechanism. The authors postulate the existence of a causal link between the fundamental uncertainty and the center-equilibrium underemployment. Two channels of fundamental uncertainty are suggested here to capture this causal link, the capital channel and the money channel. Drawing upon Davidson (2009, p. 333; 1991, p. 138), the authors identify the capital channel of fundamental uncertainty with the entrepreneurial risk and the money channel of fundamental uncertainty with the cash-flow-managerial risk of asset-liability mismatch. From this, the author infer a conclusion that the economic policy of flexible liquidity supply cannot be mixed up with an economic policy of governmental spending under a highly ambiguous term “money pumping”

UNCERTAINTY, MONEY AND THE “FAIR” RATE OF INTEREST

This paper presents a redefinition of notion of the inter-temporal distributional neutrality underlying the “fair” rate of interest of Lavoie (1999). The authors re-define the notion by replacement of the labor-time constant purchasing power method by a more feasible method of a discounted value of consumption. Next, a general proof is provided by the authors of Lavoie’s postulate of the equality of the real “fair” rate of interest to the productivity growth rate. This proof is provided separately for a nonproductive and a productive economy. Subsequently, the authors present their own 45° “fair” rate model which inter-relates both the real and nominal “fair” rates with the productivity growth rate in a single graphical scheme. Finally, the authors amend their own center-equilibrium underemployment model by this 45° “fair” rate model to produce a complex fair-rate-amended center-equilibrium underemployment model. This model incorporates Lavoie’s “fair” rate of interest into a fundamental-uncertainty-based model of underemployment with an endogenous money supply