32 research outputs found

    Limits of life and the habitability of Mars: The ESA space experiment BIOMEX on the ISS

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    BIOMEX (BIOlogy and Mars EXperiment) is an ESA/Roscosmos space exposure experiment housed within the exposure facility EXPOSE-R2 outside the Zvezda module on the International Space Station (ISS). The design of the multiuser facility supports—among others—the BIOMEX investigations into the stability and level of degradation of space-exposed biosignatures such as pigments, secondary metabolites, and cell surfaces in contact with a terrestrial and Mars analog mineral environment. In parallel, analysis on the viability of the investigated organisms has provided relevant data for evaluation of the habitability of Mars, for the limits of life, and for the likelihood of an interplanetary transfer of life (theory of lithopanspermia). In this project, lichens, archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria, snow/permafrost algae, meristematic black fungi, and bryophytes from alpine and polar habitats were embedded, grown, and cultured on a mixture of martian and lunar regolith analogs or other terrestrial minerals. The organisms and regolith analogs and terrestrial mineral mixtures were then exposed to space and to simulated Mars-like conditions by way of the EXPOSE-R2 facility. In this special issue, we present the first set of data obtained in reference to our investigation into the habitability of Mars and limits of life. This project was initiated and implemented by the BIOMEX group, an international and interdisciplinary consortium of 30 institutes in 12 countries on 3 continents. Preflight tests for sample selection, results from ground-based simulation experiments, and the space experiments themselves are presented and include a complete overview of the scientific processes required for this space experiment and postflight analysis. The presented BIOMEX concept could be scaled up to future exposure experiments on the Moon and will serve as a pretest in low Earth orbit

    Desiccation- and Saline-Tolerant Bacteria and Archaea in Kalahari Pan Sediments

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    More than 41% of the Earth’s land area is covered by permanent or seasonally arid dryland ecosystems. Global development and human activity have led to an increase in aridity, resulting in ecosystem degradation and desertification around the world. The objective of the present work was to investigate and compare the microbial community structure and geochemical characteristics of two geographically distinct saline pan sediments in the Kalahari Desert of southern Africa. Our data suggest that these microbial communities have been shaped by geochemical drivers, including water content, salinity, and the supply of organic matter. Using Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing, this study provides new insights into the diversity of bacteria and archaea in semi-arid, saline, and low-carbon environments. Many of the observed taxa are halophilic and adapted to water-limiting conditions. The analysis reveals a high relative abundance of halophilic archaea (primarily Halobacteria), and the bacterial diversity is marked by an abundance of Gemmatimonadetes and spore-forming Firmicutes. In the deeper, anoxic layers, candidate division MSBL1, and acetogenic bacteria (Acetothermia) are abundant. Together, the taxonomic information and geochemical data suggest that acetogenesis could be a prevalent form of metabolism in the deep layers of a saline pan

    Cultivation of a novel cold-adapted nitrite oxidizing betaproteobacterium from the Siberian Arctic

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    Permafrost-affected soils of the Siberian Arctic were investigated with regard to identification of nitrite oxidizing bacteria active at low temperature. Analysis of the fatty acid profiles of enrichment cultures grown at 4°C, 10°C and 17°C revealed a pattern that was different from that of known nitrite oxidizers but was similar to fatty acid profiles of Betaproteobacteria. Electron microscopy of two enrichment cultures grown at 10°C showed prevalent cells with a conspicuous ultrastructure. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA genes allocated the organisms to a so far uncultivated cluster of the Betaproteobacteria, with Gallionella ferruginea as next related taxonomically described organism. The results demonstrate that a novel genus of chemolithoautotrophic nitrite oxidizing bacteria is present in polygonal tundra soils and can be enriched at low temperatures up to 17°C. Cloned sequences with high sequence similarities were previously reported from mesophilic habitats like activated sludge and therefore an involvement of this taxon in nitrite oxidation in nonarctic habitats is suggested. The presented culture will provide an opportunity to correlate nitrification with nonidentified environmental clones in moderate habitats and give insights into mechanisms of cold adaptation. We propose provisional classification of the novel nitrite oxidizing bacterium as 'Candidatus Nitrotoga arctica'

    DiversitÀt Nitrit oxidierender Bakterien in Böden des nordsibirischen Permafrostes und Sedimenten der Laptev-See

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    Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die DiversitĂ€t chemolithoautotropher Nitrit oxidierender Bakterien (NOB) in permafrostbeeinflussten terrestrischen, limnischen und marinen Habitaten Nordsibiriens untersucht. Bisher waren keine Daten von psychrophilen oder psychrotoleranten Nitrit oxidierenden Bakterien bekannt. Die durchgefĂŒhrten Untersuchungen zeigten erstmals die hohe DiversitĂ€t und AnpassungsfĂ€higkeit von Nitrit oxidierenden Bakterien an niedrige Temperaturen auf. Zu den Probenahmeorten zĂ€hlten Tundrenböden von Samoylov, Kurungnakh, Mamontovy Klyk sowie Sedimente der Lena und der angrenzenden Laptev-See. Die Bakterien konnten durch Verwendung selektiver Mineralmedien angereichert und teilweise physiologisch charakterisiert werden. Um die Taxonomie der NOB in Naturproben und Kulturen aufzuklĂ€ren, wurden molekularbiologische Techniken eingesetzt. Die Temperatur Gradienten Gelelektrophorese (TGGE) ermöglichte zudem eine frĂŒhzeitige Optimierung des Anreicherungsprozesses. Die Polymerasekettenreaktion (PCR) und TGGE wurden fĂŒr die 16S rRNA Analyse von NOB-Populationen in Umweltproben und Kulturen erfolgreich angepasst. FĂŒr die einzelnen Gattungen der NOB wurden spezifische und semi-spezifische Primersets abgeleitet. FĂŒr die Gattung Nitrobacter konnte durch Modifikation bekannter Sonden und Primer die Amplifikation mittels PCR verbessert werden. FĂŒr die Gattung Nitrospira wurden sechs neue Primer entwickelt, so dass eine zuverlĂ€ssige DNA-Amplifikation aus Naturproben möglich war. Die neuen Primer eigneten sich fĂŒr die spezifische Amplifikation des 16S rRNA Gens einzelner Subgruppen der Gattung. FĂŒr die wenig untersuchten Gattungen Nitrococcus und Nitrospina wurden ebenfalls Primer neu konstruiert und eingesetzt. In den Auftauzonen der nordsibirischen Tundrenböden wurde eine hohe DiversitĂ€t von NOB vorgefunden. Erstmals konnten kĂ€ltetolerante NOB kultiviert werden. Die Bakterien zeigten optimale Anpassungen hinsichtlich der niedrigen in-situ Temperatur und SubstratverfĂŒgbarkeit. Anhand von Kultivierungsversuchen bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen wurden die NOB je nach Stamm als psychrotolerant bis moderat psychrophil eingestuft. In allen Böden konnte eine Koexistenz von Nitrobacter und Nitrospira festgestellt werden. Es konnten bis zu drei verschiedene 16S rRNA Sequenzen von Bakterien der Gattung Nitrospira in nur einer Bodenzone nachgewiesen werden. Bei einer Inkubationstemperatur von 17ÂșC-28ÂșC konnten vornehmlich Nitrobacter-Ă€hnliche Bakterien detektiert werden. Insgesamt wurden drei StĂ€mme dieser Gattung angereichert. Bei Temperaturen von 10ÂșC-17ÂșC sind hingegen Nitrospira-Ă€hnliche Bakterien in den Kulturen angereichert worden. In den untersuchten Böden und den entsprechenden Kulturen wurden zehn unterschiedliche Nitrospira-Ă€hnliche 16S rRNA Sequenzen nachgewiesen. Zudem wurde ein Stamm dieser Gattung in einer Kultur aus dem Sediment der Lena sowie zwei marine StĂ€mme in den Naturproben und Kulturen der Laptev-See-Sedimente detektiert. Die Stammbaumanalysen ergaben, dass Vertreter aus vier von fĂŒnf bekannten Clustern der Gattung Nitrospira in den permafrostbeeinflussten Gebieten Nordsibiriens und der Laptev-See vorkommen. Die Ergebnisse wurden durch den Abgleich mit weiteren Methoden wie der 16S rDNA Klonierung, Fluoreszenz in-situ Hybridisierung (FISH), Immun-Fluoreszenz FĂ€rbung und Transmissions-Elektronen Mikroskopie bestĂ€tigt. Neben Nitrobacter und Nitrospira-Ă€hnlichen Bakterien konnte ein bisher unbekanntes Nitrit oxidierendes Bakterium angereichert werden. Wie aus den Untersuchungen hervorgeht, handelt es sich um das erste NOB aus der Klasse der Betaproteobacteria. Die 16S rRNA Sequenz wurde sowohl in Kulturen wie auch Naturproben detektiert. Die ĂŒber Klonierung erhaltene Gensequenz ist keiner bekannten Gattung zuzuordnen und bildet eine eigene Linie innerhalb der Betaproteobacteria. FĂŒr eine vorlĂ€ufige taxonomische Klassifizierung wurde die Bezeichnung ÂŽCandidatus Nitrotoga arcticaÂŽ gen.nov.spec.nov. gewĂ€hlt. Das Bakterium zeigte in den Mineralmedien maximale Umsatzraten bei 10ÂșC, dennoch konnte auch bei 4ÂșC noch etwa ein Drittel der AktivitĂ€t gemessen werden. Somit ist das Bakterium chemolithoautotroph und moderat psychrophil. Durch die Anfertigung eines spezifischen Primerpaares und einer Sonde fĂŒr FISH-Analysen konnte das Bakterium in Naturproben und Kulturen nachgewiesen werden. Die Verbreitung und Bedeutung dieses neuen NOB kann somit kĂŒnftig auch in anderen Ökosystemen untersucht werden. Das Wissen ĂŒber die Physiologie dieses Bakteriums und die beteiligten kĂ€ltetoleranten Enzyme könnte auch biotechnologischen Verfahren wie der Abwasseraufbereitung dienen

    Methane turnover and methanotrophic communities in arctic aquatic ecosystems of the Lena Delta, Northeast Siberia

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    Large amounts of organic carbon are stored in Arctic permafrost environments, and microbial activity can potentially mineralize this carbon into methane, a potent greenhouse gas. In this study, we assessed the methane budget, the bacterial methane oxidation (MOX) and the underlying environmental controls of arctic lake systems, which represent substantial sources of methane. Five lake systems located on Samoylov Island (Lena Delta, Siberia) and the connected river sites were analyzed using radiotracers to estimate the MOX rates, and molecular biology methods to characterize the abundance and the community composition of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB). In contrast to the river, the lake systems had high variation in the methane concentrations, the abundance and composition of the MOB communities, and consequently, the MOX rates. The highest methane concentrations and the highest MOX rates were detected in the lake outlets and in a lake complex in a floodplain area. Though, in all aquatic systems we detected both, Type I and II MOB, in lake systems we observed a higher diversity including MOB, typical of the soil environments. The inoculation of soil MOB into the aquatic systems, resulting from permafrost thawing, might be an additional factor controlling the MOB community composition and potentially methanotrophic capacity

    Environmental factors affecting methane distribution and bacterial methane oxidation in the German Bight (North Sea)

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    River estuaries are responsible for high rates of methane emissions to the atmosphere. The complexity and diversity of estuaries require detailed investigation of methane sources and sinks, as well as of their spatial and seasonal variations. The Elbe river estuary and the adjacent North Sea were chosen as the study site for this survey, which was conducted from October 2010 to June 2012. Using gas chromatography and radiotracer techniques, we measured methane concentrations and methane oxidation (MOX) rates along a 60 km long transect from Cuxhaven to Helgoland. Methane distribution was influenced by input from the methane-rich mouth of the Elbe and gradual dilution by methane-depleted sea water. Methane concentrations near the coast were on average 30 ± 13 nmol L−1, while in the open sea, they were 14 ± 6 nmol L−1. Interestingly, the highest methane concentrations were repeatedly detected near Cuxhaven, not in the Elbe River freshwater end-member as previously reported. Though, we did not find clear seasonality we observed temporal methane variations, which depended on temperature and presumably on water discharge from the Elbe River. The highest MOX rates generally coincided with the highest methane concentrations, and varied from 2.6 ± 2.7 near the coast to 0.417 ± 0.529 nmol L−1 d−1 in the open sea. Turnover times varied from 3 to >1000 days. MOX rates were strongly affected by methane concentration, temperature and salinity. We ruled out the supposition that MOX is not an important methane sink in most of the Elbe estuary and adjacent German Bight
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