Experiencing in Japanese: The Experiencer Restriction across Clausal Types

Adjectives of sensation and emotion (Experiencer adjectives) in Japanese can take only the speaker as their experiencer subject in declarative root sentences and the addressee in interrogative root sentences in conversation. This constraint, which I call the Experiencer restriction, is lifted in other various clauses, however. This dissertation examines the Experiencer restriction across clausal types under scrutiny, and presents two analyses of the phenomenon, following the claim by Krifka (2001, 2004), Speas and Tenny (2003) and others that speech acts are syntactically realized. First, I introduce the phenomenon and give a brief review of its analyses which were made before the proposal of the speech act projection (Chapter 1). Then I explain the Japanese complementizer system and provide basic data on the Experiencer restriction across clausal types (Chapter 2). A conceptual-structural analysis of Experiencers by Jackendoff (1990) and syntactic analyses of Experiencers by Landau (2010) and others suggest that Experiencers are mental locations. Based on that, I propose a situation semantic analysis of Experiencers as mental locations in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4, I apply the situation-based analysis to the Experiencer restriction in non-restrictive relative clauses after arguing that Schlenker’s (2010, 2013a,b) uni-dimensional analysis explains properties of Japanese non-restrictive relative clauses. In Chapter 5, I turn to another possible analysis, according to which Experiencer NPs agree with an epistemic modal head via a sentient feature [sen] and an index feature [n]. It can be seen as a revision of Tenny’s (2006) feature checking analysis, which claims that a [+sentient] feature and a [+discourse participant] feature are checked. I argue that the principle of parsimony favors the situation-based analysis over the feature-checking one. In Chapter 6, I compare recent formal analyses of the Experiencer restriction with my analyses. This dissertation improves our understanding of situation semantics in connection to mind-body dualism. Also, it shows that study of Experiencers in Japanese gives us an insight into the syntax/semantics/pragmatics interface. It tells us not only properties of Experiencers but also properties of speech acts and the speech act projection

Wasabi versus red imported fire ants: preliminary test of repellency of microencapsulated allyl isothiocyanate against Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) using bait traps in Taiwan

Sea container has been identified as a major pathway for the unintended entry and spread of alien ant species. In Japan, red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), which are among the most harmful alien ants, were first detected in a shipping container from China in May 2017, and the invasion into Japan via the trade pathway is still continuing. To prevent containers contaminated with S. invicta and its establishment in Japan, control measures, such as repellents, are urgently required. The present study is the first to evaluate repellency of microencapsulated allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against S. invicta, as a preliminary step to use the innovative equipment for invasive species management in sea containers. In a field in Taiwan heavily infested with S. invicta, a repellent test of microencapsulated AITC using bait traps showed that the equipment completely prevents S. invicta from accessing the bait. Due to its volatility and irritancy, AITC, a safe natural repellant in wasabi (Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Kiudz), has not been used for pest management in containerized cargo. However, the encapsulation of AITC solves this problem by allowing controlled vapor release. Microencapsulated AITC has considerable potential as an effective measure to stop the spread of S. invicta through global trade

金沢大学1年生の英語学力の変化（Ⅰ）：「TOEIC 準備Ⅱ」科目の共通期末試験の共通項目による等化

金沢大学は2016 年度に「TOEIC 準備」科目と「English for Academic Purposes」科目を 1 年生の英語の必修科目として導入した．「TOEIC 準備」科目では，第1 クォーターから第3 ク ォーターの終わりに共通期末試験を，第4 クォーターの終わりにTOEIC L&R IP テストを実施している．本研究では，2017 年度と 2018 年度の第 2 クォーターの共通期末試験について，項目反応理論を用いて共通項目による等化を行った．素点は 2018 年度の方が 2017 年度よりも全体に低かったが，等化によって推定された能力値は2018 年度の方が高かったことがわかった．このことは，2018 年度の第2 クォーターの共通期末試験は2017 年度のものよりも問題が難しくなっていたことを示している．現在の最終成績の計算方法では，最終成績は期末試験の素点に大きく依存しているが，試験問題の難易度によって最終成績が左右されることのないように，最終成績の計算方法の改善策の検討が今後必要であろう．Kanazawa University has made TOEIC Preparation and English for Academic Purposes courses mandatory for its first-year students since academic year 2016/17. In TOEIC Preparation courses, students are required to take a common final examination at the end of Quarters 1 to 3 and a TOEIC L&R IP test at the end of Quarter 4. In this study, the scores of the Quarter 2 (Q2) final examinations administered in 2017 and 2018 were equated by common items using an Item Response Theory-based method. It was found that the examinees of the 2018 Q2 final examination outperformed those of the 2017 Q2 final examination, although the mean of the raw scores of the 2018 Q2 final examination was lower than that of the 2017 Q2 final examination. It indicates that the 2018 Q2 final examination was more difficult than the 2017 Q2 final examination. To reduce the influence of variation of difficulty of examinations on final grades, it would be desirable to develop a grading method which does not heavily rely on unadjusted raw scores of final examinations for the TOEIC Preparation classes

観光まちづくりにおけるプラットフォームについての一考察

現在，観光まちづくりにおいてプラットフォームの重要性が指摘されている。 プラットフォームとは，多様な主体が協働する際に，協働を促進するコミュニケ ーションの基盤となる場である。本稿では，地域活性化や地域再生の展開につい て論じ，観光まちづくりに関連する点を指摘する。次に，現在の観光政策とまち づくりについて論じながら，観光まちづくりが生まれた過程を論じる。第三に， 観光政策におけるアクターについて論じる。そして，プラットフォームの形成や 成功の要因に対して，地方自治体の役割について考察を行い，今後の観光まちづ くりにおいて検討すべき点を指摘する

赤血球膜脂質異常症の研究 : 膜脂質異常と膜輸送能との代謝的相関に関する臨床的および実験的研究

赤血球膜の主たる構成々分である脂質あるいは蛋白の先天的・後天的異常による溶血性貧血症例において,赤血球膜輸送能の異常がしばしば認められる.また赤血球膜異常症に膜脂質異常を伴う場合がある.本研究では主に赤血球膜異常症諸種疾患の膜脂質分析と膜輸送能の相関を検討し,あわせて実験的に作製した膜脂質異常赤血球を検索することにより,赤血球膜異常症の病態を検討した.赤血球膜脂質異常症では,hereditary high red cell membrane phosphatidyl choline hemolytic anemia(HPCHA) 7例,congenital lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase(LCAT) deficiency 1例,congenital β-lipoprotein(β-LP) deficiency 4例.膜蛋白異常症では,hereditary spherocytosis(HS),hereditary elliptocytosis(HE),hereditary stomatocytosis(HSt),およびその他疾患.実験的にはphospholipase A2(PLase A2)にて膜phosphatidyl choline(PC)に修飾を加えた膜脂質異常赤血球群を対象とした.先天性赤血球膜脂質異常症群では,HPCHA,LCAT欠損症で膜free cholesterol(FC)量・膜総phospholipids(PL)量共に著増,特にPC分画の著増が認められた.Na+ influxでは,HPCHAの著明な亢進に対しLCAT欠損症ではむしろ低値であった.β-LP欠損症では赤血球膜脂質総量はほぼ正常に維持されていたが,PC分画の減少とsphingomyelin分画の増加傾向が認められ,Na+ influxがほぼ正常であるのに対しCa2+ uptakeは他に類を見ないほど著明な亢進を示しており,本症での2者に著しい解離が注目された.赤血球膜蛋白異常症群においては,HSで摘脾前・後の変化が注目された.すなわち, 摘脾前の膜FC量・膜総PL量・phosphatidyl ethanolamine分画の減少が,摘脾後には正常化するが,Na+ influxの亢進は変化が認められず,病因の主体と考えられる膜蛋白の異常がNa+ influxの亢進に関与していると推定された.HEでは際立った異常は認められなかった.HStでは,膜脂質・膜輸送能とも各病型により異なる異常を呈するが両者間に相関は認められず,他の因子が関与しているものと推定された.PLase A2を用いる実験系では,無処理のcontrol群,PLase A2処理により膜PC減少とlyso-PC(L-PC)の増加を来した群,およびPLase A2処理後さらにalbumin処理を加え増加したL-PCを除去し膜総PL量も減少した群,の3群について膜PLとNa+ influxおよびCa2+ uptakeを測定した.この結果,膜脂質の変化とNa+ influxあるいはCa2+ uptakeの変化は明らかに相関を持つことが判明したが,PC・L-PC・総PL量のどの因子が主に関与しているかの特定には至らなかった.また,PLase A2処理赤血球のalbumin処理追加により,亢進したNa+ influxは変化を示さないのに比べ,Ca2+ uptakeでは更なる亢進を示し,NaとCaとではその輪送機構上に明らかな相違が存在することが判明した.Membrane lipid analyses and membrane transport (Na+ influx and Ca2+ uptake) studies were performed in red cell of patients with membrane abnormalities. Among hereditary disorders with membrane lipid abnormalities, a marked increase of free cholesterol (FC) and of phosphatidyl choline (PC) was detected in the red cells of 7 cases of hereditary high red cell membrane PC hemolytic anemia (HPCHA) and one case of congenital lecithin : cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency. Na+ influx was elevated significantly in the HPCHA red cells, contrary to the decreased Na+ influx in LCAT deficiency. In 4 cases of congenital β-lipoprotein (β-LP) deficiency with a marked decrease of plasma lipids, total membrane lipids were maintained almost normally, even though a moderate decrement of PC and an increased sphingomyelin were observed. In the disorder, Ca2+ uptake was markedly increased (approximately 100 fold greater than those in normal control), with normal Na+ influx. Among red cell membrane protein abnormalities, moderate decrement of FC, total phospholipids (PL), and phosphatidyl ethanolamine in the non-splenectomized hereditary spherocytosis patients was normalized after splenectomy. Increased Na+ influx, however, was not improved after the treatment, suggesting a possible contribution of the abnormal membrane proteins to increased Na+ influx, if they may exist. In hereditary stomatocytosis, various membrane lipid abnormalities were observed dependent on the type of the disorders. To clarify a possible role of membrane lipids on the abnormal membrane transport functions, such as Na+ influx, normal red cells were treated with phospholipase A2 (PLase A2) to convert PC to lyso-PC (L-PC). In some experiments, the PLase A2-treated red cells were further incubated with albumin to cleave membrane L-PC, which was formed by the enzymatic degradation of membrane PC. In the PLase A2-treated red cells, Na+ influx and Ca2+ uptake were markedly elevated. Ca2+ uptake increases further in the presence of albumin, in contrast to no response in Na+ influx. In conclusion, (1) membrane lipid abnormalities do affect the membrane transport functions, and (2) a different mechanism would exist between Na+ influx and Ca2+ uptake

Verrucous carcinoma of the esophagus with complete response after chemoradiotherapy

Background : Verrucous carcinoma of the esophagus (VCE) is a rare tumor that is difficult to diagnose. In most cases, biopsies show nonspecific inflammatory and hyperkeratotic changes and do not show malignant findings. Most VCEs are slowly growing, locally advanced tumors with few metastases. Treatments for VCE are the same as for normal esophageal cancer, involving combined chemotherapy, surgical resection, and radiation therapy. However, it has been reported that VCE has a poor response to radiation or chemoradiotherapy (CRT). A case of VCE with complete response (CR) after CRT is presented. Case presentation : A 70-year-old man was found to have white, irregular esophageal mucosa 4 years earlier. He had been followed up as an outpatient as having candidal esophagitis. However, his tumor grew gradually, and biopsy was performed by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). He was finally diagnosed with VCE. He had no metastases to distant organs, but some lymph node metastases were suspected. The tumor invaded his left bronchus. The esophagostomy and gastrostomy were constructed as emergent procedures. The patient then underwent definitive CRT. 4 weeks after the end of CRT, two-stage esophagectomy was performed. First, he underwent esophagectomy with thoracic lymph node dissection. A latissimus dorsi flap was patched to the bronchus after primary suture of the hole. 6 weeks later, reconstruction of the gastric tube was performed through the antethoracic route. The pathological findings showed CR to CRT, with no proliferative cancer cells in the specimen. The patient has had no recurrence for three and half years after the resection. Conclusions : We presented a locally advanced VCE that achieved CR to CRT. In cases that have some difficulty for local resection, CRT might be an appropriate treatment for VCE

Oral Treatment with Extract of Agaricus blazei Murill Enhanced Th1 Response through Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Suppressed OVA-Sensitized Allergy in Mice

To clarify the mechanism of the antiallergic activity of Agaricus blazei Murill extract (ABME), the present paper used an in vivo allergy model and an in vitro intestinal gut model. During OVA sensitization, the serum IgE levels decreased significantly in ABME group. Interleukin (IL)-4 and -5 produced from OVA-restimulated splenocytes was significantly decreased, and anti-CD3ε/CD28 antibody treatment also reduced IL-10, -4, and -5 production and increased IFN-γ production in ABME group. These results suggest that oral administration of ABME improves Th1/Th2 balance. Moreover, a coculture system constructed of Caco-2 cells and splenocytes from OT-II mice or RAW 264.7 cells indicated that the significant increases in IFN-γ production by ABME treatment. Therefore, it was concluded that the antiallergic activity of ABME was due to the activation of macrophages by epithelial cells and the promotion of the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th1 cells in the immune

Effect of Ambient Pressure on the Extinction Limit for Opposed Flame Spread over an Electrical Wire in Microgravity

Parabolic flight experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of ambient pressure on the extinction limit for opposed flame spread over an electric wire insulation in microgravity. Low-density polyethylene insulated Nickel-Chrome wires with inner core diameter of 0.50 mm and insulation thickness of 0.30 mm were examined for ambient pressures ranging from 50 kPa to 140 kPa for an external opposed flow of 10 cm/s. The experiments showed that the limiting volumetric oxygen concentration (LOC) increased as the total ambient pressure decreased. This LOC trend can be explained by radiation loss from wire surface. The radiation loss increased as the ambient pressure decreased & ndash; a result that can be explained by the increase in preheat length with decreasing ambient pressure. Moreover, when the data was plotted in a partial pressure vs. total pressure space, it became evident that the limiting oxygen partial pressure (LOPP) decreased with decreasing total ambient pressure. This LOPP trend can be explained by the fact that the flame temperature increased as the ambient pressure decreased under constant oxygen partial pressure. In current fire safety design for spacecraft, tentative oxygen concentration criteria in spacecraft suggested by NASA is assumed as 30% of oxygen concentration, and this value is assumed independent of ambient pressure. However, the present result implies that consideration of the effect of ambient pressure on the flammability limit is necessary, especially with respect to the possibility of an extension of the allowable atmosphere condition for spacecraft cabin in the low pressure region