看護学生と他学科学生が持つ赤ちゃんイメージの因子構造と要因

本研究は，看護学生と他学科学生の比較から，女子学生が描く赤ちゃんイメージの構造とそれらに関連する要因を明らかにすることを目的に，A県内にある大学・短期大学・看護専門学校に在学する２０歳以下の１年生に対して質問紙調査を行った．調査項目は，個人的属性，乳児との接触経験，赤ちゃんイメージ，思いやり尺度，児に対する関わり意識尺度，赤ちゃんの範囲である．有効回答３００名（有効回答率６５．２％）を分析対象とした． 赤ちゃんイメージは，第１因子「情緒性」，第２因子「好感度」，第３因子「意思性」の３因子構造であった．児に対する関わり意識は，「育児肯定」「育児行動不満」「乳幼児志向」の３因子構造であった．「好感度」は，「情緒性」・「育児肯定」・「育児行動不満（逆転因子，得点が高いほど不満は低い）」・「乳幼児志向」と正の相関を示した． 看護学生は他学科学生と比べ，「思いやり得点」と「乳幼児志向」・「育児行動不満（逆転因子，得点が高いほど不満は低い）」が有意に高かった．加えて思いやり得点が高い学生ほど「情緒性」と「好感度」が有意に高かった． また，児と複数回以上の接触経験を持つ学生は，「好感度」と「育児肯定」・「乳幼児志向」が有意に高かった．他学科生は，赤ちゃんとしてとらえる範囲を月齢の大きい児までを含めてイメージし，大きい児をイメージした者ほど「好感度」が有意に高かった．また，児と複数回以上の接触経験を持つ学生は接触経験がない学生に比べ，有意に「育児行動不満（逆転因子，得点が高いほど不満は低い）」の得点が高かった． 児との接触経験が育児行動への不満を弱めること，また思いやりが強い者ほど，接触経験を重ねることで，赤ちゃんイメージと乳幼児への関心を肯定的に高め，育児を肯定的にとらえることが明らかになった．親役割準備教育として，思春期までに思いやりをはぐくむ教育と継続的な児のふれあい体験を持つことの重要性が示唆される．The purpose of this study was to clarify the characteristics of the ideas that female students have concerning having a baby. The subjects were female students under ２０ years of age in A prefecture. Responses were obtained from３００students and the valid response rate was６５．２％. The results showed that : １. There are three factors concerning the idea of having a baby. The first was composed of eleven items indicating “emotions.” The second was composed of eight items indicating “good feelings.” The third was composed of three items indicating “intentions.” ２. There were three factors concerning awareness about having a baby. The first was composed of seven items indicating “child care affirmation.” The second factor was composed of９items indicating “child care complaints.” The third factor was composed of４items indicating “infant-orientation.” ３. The students who had had contact with a baby frequently showed significantly high scores of “good feelings,” “emotions,” “child care affirmation,” “child care complaints,” and infant-orientation” in comparison with students without child care experiences. ４. Comparisons between general university students and nursing students showed a significantly strong sense of compassion. The nursing students how showed a high sense of compassion had significantly high “emotions” and “good feelings” scores. Having contact with babies had a strong impact on the development of positive feelings towards having a baby. We suggest that we need to educate students to have compassion and to set opportunities for young people to have frequent contact with babies

Adenomyoepithelial adenosis associated with breast cancer: a case report and review of the literature

Adenomyoepithelial adenosis of the breast is an extremely rare type of adenosis. We herein present the case of a 35-year-old woman, who presented with a small painless hard lump and elastic soft induration of 5 cm in diameter in her left breast. Clinical examination and diagnostic workup were suggestive of a breast carcinoma, and a modified radical mastectomy and sentinel node biopsy were performed. Histopathological examination revealed adenomyoepithelial adenosis along with fibrocystic change and small invasive ductal carcinoma, slightly away from the adenosis. The presented case was thought to be initial-stage adenomyoepithelial adenosis and independently developing breast cancer. From a review of five reported cases of adenomyoepithelial adenosis, complete resection of the tumor and coexisting malignant disease may be recommended, owing to the tendency to develop breast cancer or malignant adenomyoepithelioma, or recurrence. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-50) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Impairment of bimanual in-phase movement during recovery from frontal lobe tumor surgery: a case report

The mechanisms underlying bimanual coordination have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we evaluated the clinical features of bimanual movement impairment in a patient following surgery for a frontal lobe tumor. The patient was an 80-year-old man who had undergone subtotal tumor resection for a tumor in the right superior frontal gyrus. Histological examination of the resected specimen led to the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma of the diffuse large B-cell type, and the patient subsequently received high-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy. Postoperatively, the patient had difficulty with bimanual movement, and on the 5th postoperative day we found that the impairment could not be attributed to weakness. Temporal changes in the characteristics of manual movements were analyzed. Bimanual diadochokinesis (opening/closing of the hands, pronation/supination of the forearms, and sequential finger movements) was more disturbed than unilateral movements; in-phase movements were more severely impaired than anti-phase movements. Bimanual movement performance was better when cued using an auditory metronome. On the 15th postoperative day, movements improved. The present observations show that in addition to the disturbance of anti-phase bimanual movements, resection of the frontal lobe involving the supplementary motor area (SMA) and premotor cortex (PMC) can cause transient impairment of in-phase bimanual diadochokinesis, which can be more severe than the impairment of anti-phase movements. The effect of auditory cueing on bimanual skills may be useful in the diagnosis of anatomical localization of the superior frontal gyrus and functional localization of the SMA and PMC and in rehabilitation of patients with brain tumors, as in the case of degenerative movement disorders

A Role of Staphyococcus aureus, Interleukin-18, Nerve Growth Factor and Semaphorin 3A, an Axon Guidance Molecule, in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis

Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is usually present not only in the skin lesions of atopic dermatitis (AD) but also in the atopic dry skin. SA discharges various toxins and enzymes that injure the skin, results in activation of epidermal keratinocytes, which produce and release IL-18. IL-18 that induces the super Th1 cells secreting IFN-γ and IL-13 is supposed to be involved in development of AD and its pathogenesis. Indeed, the number of SA colonies on the skin surface and the serum IL-18 levels in patients with AD significantly correlated with the skin scores of AD lesions. Also, there is strong positive correlation between the skin scores and serum IL-18 levels in DS-Nh mice (P<0.0001, r=0.64), which develop considerable AD-like legions when they are housed under conventional conditions, but develop skin legions with less severity and less frequency under specific pathogens free (SPF) conditions. Therefore, they are well-known as model mice of AD, in which SA is presumed to be critical factor for the development of AD lesions. Also, theses DS-Nh mice pretreated with Cy developed more remarkable AD-like lesions in comparison with non-treated ones. The levels of INF-r and IL-13 in the supernatants of the lymph node cell cultures stimulated with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) or ConA were increased in the Cy-treated mice, although the serum levels of total IgE were not. In this experiment, we revealed that Cy-treated mice, to which CD25 +CD4 + reguratory T cells taken from non-treated ones had been transferred, developed the AD-like legions with less severity and less number of SA colonies on the skin surface. Therefore, it is presumed that CD25 +CD4 + reguratory T cells might be involved in the suppression of super Th1 cells which are induced by IL-18 and are involved in the development of AD-like lesions rather than IgE production. The efficient induction of CD25 +CD4 + reguratory T cells is expected for the new type of treatment of AD. We also found that farnesol (F) and xylitol (X) synergistically inhibited biofilm formation by SA, and indeed the ratio of SA in total bacteria at sites to which the FX cream containing F and X had been applied was significantly decreased 1 week later, accompanied with improvement of AD, when compared with that before application and at placebo sites. Therefore, the FX cream is a useful skin-care agent for atopic dry skin colonized by SA. The nerve growth factor (NGF) in the horny layer (the horn NGF) of skin lesions on the cubital fossa was collected by tape stripping and measured using ELISA in AD patients before and after 2 and 4 weeks treatments. Simultaneously, the itch and eruptions on the whole body and on the lesions, in which the horn NGF was measured, were recorded, and also the peripheral blood eosinophil count, serum LDH level and serum total IgE level were examined. The level of NGF was significantly higher in AD patients than in healthy controls, correlated with the severity of itch, erythema, scale/xerosis, the eosinophil count and LDH level, and also significantly decreased after treatments with olopatadine and/or steroid ointment for 2 and 4 weeks. Therefore, the measurement of the NGF by this harmless method seems to be useful to assess the severity of AD and the therapeutic effects on AD. In AD patients, C-fiber in the epidermis increase and sprout, inducing hypersensitivity, which is considered to aggravate the disease. Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), an axon guidance molecule, is a potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth of sensory neurons. We administered recombinant Sema3A intracutaneously into the skin lesions of NC/Nga mice, an animal model of AD, and investigated the effect of Sema3A on the skin lesions and their itch. Sema3A dose-dependently improved skin lesions and attenuated the scratching behavior in NC/Nga mice. Histological examinations revealed a decrease in the epidermal thickness, the density of invasive nerve fibers in the epidermis, inflammatory infiltrate including mast cells and CD4 +T cells, and the production of IL-4 in the Sema3A-treated lesions. Because the interruption of the itch-scratch cycle likely contributes to the improvement of the AD-like lesions, Sema3A is expected to become a promising treatment of patients with refractory AD

Curated genome annotation of Oryza sativa ssp. japonica and comparative genome analysis with Arabidopsis thaliana

We present here the annotation of the complete genome of rice Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica cultivar Nipponbare. All functional annotations for proteins and non-protein-coding RNA (npRNA) candidates were manually curated. Functions were identified or inferred in 19,969 (70%) of the proteins, and 131 possible npRNAs (including 58 antisense transcripts) were found. Almost 5000 annotated protein-coding genes were found to be disrupted in insertional mutant lines, which will accelerate future experimental validation of the annotations. The rice loci were determined by using cDNA sequences obtained from rice and other representative cereals. Our conservative estimate based on these loci and an extrapolation suggested that the gene number of rice is ~32,000, which is smaller than previous estimates. We conducted comparative analyses between rice and Arabidopsis thaliana and found that both genomes possessed several lineage-specific genes, which might account for the observed differences between these species, while they had similar sets of predicted functional domains among the protein sequences. A system to control translational efficiency seems to be conserved across large evolutionary distances. Moreover, the evolutionary process of protein-coding genes was examined. Our results suggest that natural selection may have played a role for duplicated genes in both species, so that duplication was suppressed or favored in a manner that depended on the function of a gene

トウニョウビョウ ケア ノ リスク マネージメント

The number of diabetics has been increasing in recent years. The diabetics are under varioustreatments, including the improvement of life habit and the medication for diabetes with insulin.Our hospital set a team of diabetic care, which is composed of a diabetic specialist, certified diabeteseducators（CDEs）, nurses, dietricians and pharmacists. This team takes great care of the diabetics.For medical safety measures, the department of risk management was organized in our hospital.The department investigated the cases of Hiyari-Hatto within 1 year and 3 months, from 2005to 2006, and found that 3% of them was the diabetic case, which was caused by the nurses exceptCDEs. Therefore the department made the manual of diabetic therapy in cooperation with theCDEs. All the staffs in our hospital were educated by the seminars according to the manual. Theknowledge about the diabetic therapy proved to be mostly accurate one year after the last seminar.For the improvement of medical safety, the department of risk management helps the CDEswith holding the educational seminars by giving the informations after analyzing the cases of Hiyari-Hatto and the questionnaires following the seminars

標準体型高齢者の頭部挙上角度の違いからみた仙骨部・臀部血流量の比較

　本研究は、高齢者の体型差を考慮した褥瘡予防ケア開発の為の基礎研究として、標準体型高齢者の褥瘡予防におけるベッド挙上角度はどの角度が望ましいのかを明らかにするために、標準体型高齢者17 名を対象に頭部挙上20 度時、25 度時、30 度時の各仙骨部、臀裂部、左右臀部の計4 箇所の血流量を測定した。　結果及び考察として、仙骨部時間経過別血流量では、先行研究でも言われている通り、前期高齢者においては頭部挙上30 度までなら仙骨部には負荷をかけないといった結果が実証された。また、左右の臀部時間経過別血流量では、頭部挙上25 度時と30 度時のベースライン血流量から一部の時間経過において血流量が有意に増加しており、臀部は圧迫を受けやすい部位でもあり血流量増加の原因はうっ滞である可能性もあることから、今後圧迫状況も踏まえた検証の必要性が示唆された