チャレンジシステムの分析によるバレーボールのレフェリーにおける判定の正確性に関する研究

The present study aimed to clarify the types and situations of play which are difficult for referees to judge by reviewing the results of video challenge system introduced in volleyball competition. The data analyzed were all the challenge requested from 76 matches in volleyball competition in the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics. The success rate of challenges was calculated from the number of successful challenges divided by the number of challenges for each type of play.As results, the following findings were obtained:1) The total number of challenges was 400 times, the number of successful challenges (i.e., the number of errors in referee\u27s judgment) was 163 times, and the success rate of challenges was 40.8%. There was no difference in these variables between men’s and women’s competitions.2) The number of successful challenges and the success rate of challenges for the blocker’s ball contact were higher than those for the other types of play, suggesting that it is one of the most difficult judgments for volleyball referees to determine the contact between the blocker and the ball.3) Regarding the judgment on the ball contact of the blocker, the frequency of judgment corrected from no touch to touch was larger than that corrected from no touch to touch. Regarding the judgment on ball in/out, the frequency of judgment corrected from ball out to ball in was larger than that corrected from ball in to ball out.The present study revealed the types and situations of play which are likely to be erroneously judged in volleyball competition for the first time. These findings would be useful for improving the technique of referees from the viewpoint of using visual information and for the future application of video challenge system in volleyball

Slowed response to peripheral visual stimuli during strenuous exercise

Recently, we proposed that strenuous exercise impairs peripheral visual perception because visual responses to peripheral visual stimuli were slowed during strenuous exercise. However, this proposal was challenged because strenuous exercise is also likely to affect the brain network underlying motor responses. The purpose of the current study was to resolve this issue. Fourteen participants performed a visual reaction-time (RT) task at rest and while exercising at 50% (moderate) and 75% (strenuous) peak oxygen uptake. Visual stimuli were randomly presented at different distances from fixation in two task conditions: the Central condition (2° or 5° from fixation) and the Peripheral condition (30° or 50° from fixation). We defined premotor time as the time between stimulus onset and the motor response, as determined using electromyographic recordings. In the Central condition, premotor time did not change during moderate (167 ± 19 ms) and strenuous (168 ± 24 ms) exercise from that at rest (164 ± 17 ms). In the Peripheral condition, premotor time significantly increased during moderate (181 ± 18 ms, P < 0.05) and strenuous exercise (189 ± 23 ms, P < 0.001) from that at rest (173 ± 17 ms). These results suggest that increases in Premotor Time to the peripheral visual stimuli did not result from an impaired motor-response network, but rather from impaired peripheral visual perception. We conclude that slowed response to peripheral visual stimuli during strenuous exercise primarily results from impaired visual perception of the periphery

<ORGINAL ARTICLE>Evaluation of the Relationship between a Face Anxiety Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

我々は簡単に短時間で患者の不安の程度を把握するために,我々が考案した顔不安スケール(Face Anxirty Scale FAS)を臨床で使用している。今回の研究はこのFASが不安をアセスメントする心理テスト,すなわちState-traitanxiety inventry (STAI)の得点に相関するのか検討した。FASとSTAIは歯科診療(口腔外科処置)前に待合室で実施し,患者自身に記入させた。尚,対象から対人恐怖症および自律神経失調症の患者は除外した。その結果,対象は33名(女性14名,男性19名),平均年齢は24.4才(19才から49才)。対象患者の多くは智歯の抜歯手術だった。歯科に関する既往歴は永久歯の抜歯経験が無い患者から歯科診療恐怖症の患者,精神鎮静法下に難抜歯の経験有る患者など,いろいろであった。今回は対象患者の約半数に対して,静脈内鎮静法(フルニトラゼパム投与)を施行した。特性不安はFASが0から2点,0.80±0 53(mean±S.D)であった。STAKA-trait)は32から64,43.46±8.29(mean±S.D.)となった。FASとSTAI(A-trait)の相関関係はFig2に示したように,Y=41.38+2.98X,R^2=0.04であった。歯科診療前の状態不安はFASが0から4点,平均1.94±1.35(mean±S.D )であった。STAI(A-state)は23から72,47.46±13.92(maen±S.D.)となった。FASとSTAI(A-trait)の相関関係はFig3に示したように,Y=30.22+8.87X,R^2=0.69(P <0.01)であった。以上の結果から,FASとSTAIの状態不安尺度は相関を認めた。従って,FASは歯科患者の状態不安を客観的,簡便に評価する事が認められた。また,我々が考案したFASは歯科治療に対する患者の不安評価方法として,有用性が示唆された。To determine the degree of fear of dental treatment in general, we applied a Face Anxiety Scale (FAS) for pre-operative levels of anxiousness. The FAS is valuable as it is easy and fast. The FAS assess anxiety at 6 levels, the lowest is 0, the highest 5. We assessed the pre-operative (minor dental surgery) anxiety of patients subject to intravenous sedeation, without psychosedation. To establish the reliability of the FAS, an evaluation of the relationship between the FAS and the State-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) was made. The pre-operative FAS ranged from 4 to 0 Anxiety with STAI (A-state) had a highest score of 72, and a lowest score of 23 The relationship between FAS and anxiety state with STAI was Y=30.22+8.87X,R^2=0.69(P<0 01). The FAS was significant correlated with state anxiety of STAI. The results suggest that FAS is a reliable measure for state anxiety in dental treatment

Improvement of the ability to recover balance through versatile kinesthetic learning experiences

The purpose of the present study was to compare learners' movement variability while maintaining balance and the ability to recover balance using the kinesthetic-experiential learning (KEL) method of implicit learning and the model-mastery learning (MML) method of explicit learning. The participants were 29 healthy university students. They were randomly divided into two groups (KEL and MML). They were required to balance both knees on an exercise ball. The balancing time and the ability to recover their balance were measured using motion capture. Results indicated that balancing time was significantly improved for both learning methods. Regarding the learners' movements while maintaining balance, they maintained balance while moving in the KEL method, whereas they maintained balance by keeping the entire body stationary in the MML method. Concerning the ability to recover, the KEL method improved the balance recovery ability more effectively than the MML method. Therefore, we concluded that using the KEL method at the initial stage of learning improves learners' balance recovery ability and increases movement variability

野球の捕手におけるプレー指示場面での予測に関する 時間的遮蔽を用いた検討

Using a temporal occlusion paradigm, the present study examined the anticipation of baseball catchers in a situation where they were required to give directions to teammates on play. Collegiate baseball catchers and fielders (n = 10 in each group) watched a series of video images, recorded from the catcher’s viewpoint, showing a simulated sacrifice bunt to the pitcher with no outs and a runner at first base. Each video image was occluded at 0 ms (T1), 370 ms (T2), 730 ms (T3), or 1100 ms (T4) after the moment of bat-ball impact. After viewing each occluded video image, the participants verbally answered whether the ball thrown by the pitcher would reach the second baseman before the runner touched second base (i.e., when the runner would be out), or whether the runner would touch second base before the ball thrown by the pitcher reached the second baseman (i.e., when the runner would be safe). The results indicated that the catchers showed higher anticipation accuracy and signal detection sensitivity than the fielders. Also, there was no difference in the effect of temporal occlusion between the catchers and the fielders. These results suggest that catchers have better anticipation ability resulting from higher signal detection sensitivity, compared with fielders from the early stage, by making use of the information available about the ball, the pitcher, and the runner. Furthermore, it was evident that anticipation accuracy was particularly increased for trials in which the runner would be considered out at second base, and that the judgment bias for selection of first base became smaller in the time period immediately after bat-ball impact (i.e., from T1 to T2). These findings suggest that the time period immediately after bat-ball impact includes information that can be used to reduce the tendency for avoiding the risk of a losing score resulting from erroneous judgment

Management of Intolerance to Casting the Upper Extremities in Claustrophobic Patients

Introduction. Some patients showed unusual responses to the immobilization without any objective findings with casts in upper extremities. We hypothesized their that intolerance with excessive anxiety to casts is due to claustrophobia triggered by cast immobilization. The aim of this study is to analyze the relevance of cast immobilization to the feeling of claustrophobia and discover how to handle them. Methods. There were nine patients who showed the caustrophobic symptoms with their casts. They were assesed whether they were aware of their claustrophobis themselves. Further we investigated the alternative immobilization to casts. Results. Seven out of nine cases that were aware of their claustrophobic tendencies either were given removable splints initially or had the casts converted to removable splints when they exhibited symptoms. The two patients who were unaware of their latent claustrophobic tendencies were identified when they showed similar claustrophobic symptoms to the previous patients soon after short arm cast application. We replaced the casts with removable splints. This resolved the issue in all cases. Conclusions. We should be aware of the claustrophobia if patients showed unusual responses to the immobilization without any objective findings with casts in upper extremities, where removal splint is practical alternative to cast to continue the treatment successfully

Rapid identification of sound direction in blind footballers

Earlier studies have demonstrated that blind footballers are more accurate in identifying sound direction with less front–back confusion than sighted and blind non-football playing individuals. However, it is unknown whether blind footballers are faster than sighted footballers and nonathletes in identifying sound direction using auditory cues. Here, the present study aimed to investigate the auditory reaction times (RTs) and response accuracy of blind footballers during auditory RT tasks, including the identification of sound direction. Participants executed goal-directed stepping towards the loudspeaker as quickly and accurately as possible after identifying the sound direction. Simple, two-choice, and four-choice auditory RT tasks were completed. The results revealed that blind footballers had shorter RTs than sighted footballers in the choice RT tasks, but not in the simple RT task. These findings suggest that blind footballers are faster in identifying sound direction based on auditory cues, which is an essential perceptual-cognitive skill specific to blind football

DETERMINATION BY^1H-NMR OF BINDING SITES OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS ON LIPID BILAYER MEMBRANE MODEL

局所麻酔薬の作用機序についてはさまざまな仮説があるが,どの仮説も十分な説明をしていない。そこで我々は核磁気共鳴装置(NMR)を用いて,局所麻酔薬と神経膜モデルであるリン脂質二重膜との結合状態を検索した。この結果,局所麻酔薬分子中にある窒素原子とリン脂質二重膜の外側にある親水性部分の酸素原子とが静電結合をおこすことが分かった。また我々が作用持続時間の延長を目的に合成した,リドカインのエステル誘導体では窒素原子との結合に加えて,エステルカルボニル部分の酸素原子でも膜と結合することもわかった。さらに,この結合力の強さは局所麻酔薬の作用持続時間に影響することもわかった。これらの事実は一分子の局所麻酔薬が一つのNaイオンチャネルを閉鎖して局所麻酔作用を発現するのではなく,リン脂質二重膜と結合した多くの局所麻酔薬がNaイオンチャネルを構成するタンパク質の流動性を変化させ,結果的にNaイオンの通過を阻害して,局所麻酔作用を発現する可能性を示唆している。This is a study of the binding mode of local anesthtics to the phospholipid bilayer membrane model by proton nuclear masrnetic resonance spectroscopy (1^H-NMR). There was evidence of ionic interaction between the polar external hydrophilic part of the membrane and positively charged nitrogen atom of N-ethyl substituent of lidocaine molecule. Lidocaine ester derivatives, synthesized for prologed duration of action, indicated interaction with the membrane not only by positively charged nitrogen atoms but also by an electrostatic effect of the ester carbonyl oxygen atom. This may be related to the prolonged duration of lidocaine ester derivative action. The results indicate that a single molecule of local anesthetic does not close a single sodium channel. Many local anesthetic molecules bind to the phospholipid bilayer surounding sodium channels, and may bring some change in sodium channel protein comformation, and lead to the obstruction of the sodium ion passage

非心臓手術における、術前の蛋白尿と術後急性腎障害の関連: 奈良AKIコホート研究

Background: Little is known about the association between pre-operative proteinuria and post-operative acute kidney injury (AKI) in noncardiac surgery. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study. Adults who underwent noncardiac surgery under general anesthesia from 2007 to 2011 at Nara Medical University Hospital were included. Those with obstetric or urological surgery, missing data for analyses or pre-operative dialysis were excluded. Exposure of interest was pre-operative proteinuria, defined as (+) or more by dipstick test. The outcome variable was post-operative AKI, defined by Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria, within 1 week after surgery. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Among 5168 subjects, 309 (6.0%) developed AKI. Pre-operative proteinuria was independently associated with post-operative AKI, with an odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] of 1.80 (1.30-2.51). A sensitivity analysis restricted to elective surgery yielded a similar result. As proteinuria increased, the association with AKI became stronger [OR (95% CI) 1.14 (0.75-1.73), 1.24 (0.79-1.95), 2.75 (1.74-4.35) and 3.95 (1.62-9.62) for urinary protein (+/-), (+), (2+) and (3+), respectively]. Subgroup analyses showed proteinuria was especially associated with post-operative AKI among subjects with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, other anti-hypertensives, hypoalbuminemia or impaired renal function (P for interaction = 0.05, 0.003, 0.09 or 0.02, respectively). Conclusions: In noncardiac surgery, pre-operative proteinuria was independently associated with post-operative AKI. Subjects with proteinuria should be managed with caution to avoid AKI peri-operatively.博士（医学）・甲第777号・令和3年3月15日© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved.This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in Nephrology dialysis transplantation following peer review. The version of record Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Volume 35, Issue 12, December 2020, Pages 2111–2116, is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfz269

Autologous osteochondral plug transplantation for osteochondrosis of the second metatarsal head: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Osteochondrosis of the second or third metatarsal head is a rare condition called Freiberg's disease. To relieve foot pain, conservative treatment with a foot orthosis to reduce weight-bearing and immobilize the foot are recommended. In cases in which such treatments have proved to be ineffective, several surgical treatments have been performed. The appropriate surgical treatment for Freiberg's disease remains controversial.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We describe the case of a 20-year-old Japanese woman with a three-year history of right forefoot pain and no history of trauma. Two years after treatment by autologous osteochondral plug transplantation, she has neither complaints nor symptoms.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Autologous osteochondral plug transplantation represents a potentially successful surgical arthroplastic option in preserving the metatarsophalangeal joint in patients with Freiberg's disease.</p