Pengaruh Kandungan Lemak Dan Energi Yang Berbeda Dalam Pakan Terhadap Pemanfaatan Pakan Dan Pertumbuhan Patin (Pangasius Pangasius)

Pakan merupakan faktor terpenting dalam menunjang pertumbuhan dan perkembangan dalam kegiatan budidaya ikan, didalam pakan harus mengandung nutrisi yang lengkap. Penggunaan lemak dalam pakan sangat penting dalam menunjang pertumbuhan, karena lemak merupakan sumber energi yang memiliki nilai cukup tinggi dibanding protein dan karbohidrat. Pengunaan lemak sebagai “Protein sparing effect” yaitu pengganti protein sebagai sumber energi, sehingga penggunaan energi yang berasal dari protein dapat digunakan untuk menunjang pertumbuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kandungan lemak dan energi yang berbeda dalam pakan terhadap pemanfaatan pakan dan pertumbuhan patin (P. pangasius).Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah metode eksperimen dengan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dan 3 kali ulangan. Perlakuan yang diterapkan adalah perbedaan kandungan lemak dan energi antara lain pada perlakuan A (8%, 281,98 kkal); B (9%, 286,74 kkal); C (10%, 289,45 kkal); dan D (11%, 296,21 kkal). Ikan uji yang digunakan adalah patin (Pangasius pangasius) yang berasal dari Banjarnegara, Jawa Tengah. Ikan uji yang digunakan dengan bobot rata-rata 6,48±0,68 g/ekor, dengan padat tebar 1 ekor/liter. Pakan diberikan 3 kali dalam sehari yaitu pada sekitar pukul 08.00 WIB, pukul 12.00 WIB, dan pukul 16.00 WIB. Pemberian pakan diberikan secara at satiation.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kandungan lemak dan energi yang berbeda dalam pakan buatan, memberikan pengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap EPP, PER, dan RGR pada patin (P. pangasius), sedangkan pada variabel TKP dan SR tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata (P>0,05). Perlakuan D diperoleh hasil tertinggi dengan nilai TKP (25,27±0,06g), EPP (54,62±0,93%), PER (1,82±0,03%), RGR (0,75±0,02%/hari), dan SR (95,83%).Kandungan lemak dan energi yang berbeda dalam pakan, memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap EPP, PER, dan RGR; tetapi tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap TKP dan SR patin (P. pangasius). Feed played an important role in fish farming and therefor, it should contain complete nutrition. The use of fat in fish diet was required for energy supply and producing of growth. The fat was used to subtitute energy source from protein, so the use of protein for fish growth can be optimaled. This study was aimed to observe the influence of different fat and energy on the feed utilization and growth of P. pangasius.The experimental method used was completely randomized design, which consisted of 4 treatments and 3 replicats, that were trial diets with ratio of treatment A (8%, 281.98 kkal); B (9%, 286.74 kkal); C (10%, 289.45 kkal); dan D (11%, 296.21 kkal) respectively. The ratio of vegetable oil : animal oil was equal. The fish used was P. pangasius, which was quired from Banjarnegara, Central Java. It\u27s average body weight of 6.48±0.68 g. The fish was maintenance in 8 l-tanks for 35 days. with a stocking density of 1 fish/l. The fish were feed 3 times a day, at 08.00, 12.00, and 16.00 by appliying at satiation method.The fish fed on resulted on dietary of different fat and energy on the feed on values significantly different (P<0.05) on the EPP, PER and RGR. But for feed in TKP and SR values (P>0.05). TKP value (25.27±0.06g) EPP (54.62±0.93%) , PER (1.82±0.03%) , RGR (0.75±0.02%/day), and SR (95.83%).It was concluded that the influence of different fat and energy on the feed utilization and growth of pangasius in feed significantly effect on, EPP, PER, and RGR while for TKP and SR where not significantly different

Additional risk of diabetes exceeds the increased risk of cancer caused by radiation exposure after the Fukushima disaster

<div><p>The 2011 Fukushima disaster led to increases in multiple risks (e.g., lifestyle diseases and radiation exposure) and fear among the public. Here, we assessed the additional risks of cancer caused by radiation and diabetes related to the disaster and the cost-effectiveness of countermeasures against these conditions. Our study included residents of the cities of Minamisoma and Soma (10–40 km and 35–50 km north of the Fukushima Daiichi (N° 1) Nuclear Power Station, respectively). We used the loss of life expectancy (LLE) as an indicator to compare risks between radiation exposure and diabetes. We also estimated the cost-effectiveness of radiation-related countermeasures, including restricted food distribution, decontamination, and whole-body counter tests and interventions. Metformin therapy was selected as a representative management for diabetes. The diabetes-related LLEs among residents were 4.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.4–6.8) ×10⁻² years for the whole population and 8.0 (2.7–13.2) ×10⁻² years for 40s to 70s in a scenario that considered the additional incidence of diabetes during the first 10 years. The cancer-related LLEs caused by lifetime exposure to radiation were 0.69 (2.5–97.5 percentile: 0.61–0.79) ×10⁻² years for the whole population and 0.24 (0.20–0.29) ×10⁻² years for 40s to 70s. The diabetes-related LLEs among residents in the above-mentioned scenario were 5.9-fold and 33-fold higher than those attributed to average radiation among the whole population and among the 40s to 70s age groups, respectively. The costs per life-years saved of the radiation countermeasures (i.e., restricted food distribution, decontamination, and whole-body counter tests and interventions) were >1 to >4 orders of magnitude higher than those of general heath checkups and conventional management for diabetes. Our findings indicate that countermeasures to mitigate diabetes are warranted. Policy-makers’ and individuals’ understanding of multiple risks after any disaster will be essential to saving the lives of victims.</p></div

Costs and effectiveness of early countermeasures against radiation exposure and diabetes (metformin therapy).

<p>LYS: life-years saved; CPLYS: cost per life-years saved. The effectiveness of whole-body counter tests and interventions was estimated from a total of 8 individuals who exceeded 50 Bq/kg of ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs and received interventions among 30,622 screened participants, and the costs were calculated based on all the screenings.</p

Losses of life expectancy (LLEs) due to radiation-related cancer or diabetes in the whole population or among the 40s to 70s age groups (10⁻² years).

<p>The additional post-disaster risks of both radiation exposure and diabetes were assessed. The values in parentheses for radiation exposure represent the 2.5–97.5 percentiles based on dose distributions. The values in parenthesis for diabetes represent 95% confidence interval.</p

Prevalence of diabetes at baseline and in each of three scenarios in the whole population.

<p>t1: years 1–4; t2: years 5–10; t3: years 11–14.</p

Changes in HbA1c levels from the pre- to post-disaster period.

<p>Patients were categorized by age: (A) all patients, (B) ≥65-years, and (C) <65 years.</p

Managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus through Periodical Hospital Visits in the Aftermath of the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster: A Retrospective Case Series

<div><p>Aims</p><p>To assess the impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster on daily diabetes practice and to determine the feasibility of controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus in an outpatient department.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We retrospectively reviewed the data on disaster-affected patients with type 2 diabetes who periodically attended outpatient department of Soma Central Hospital. There were 767 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in total. The primary outcome measure was the change in HbA1c.</p><p>Results</p><p>HbA1c levels of 58 patients with periodical hospital visits did not deteriorate after the disasters. Moreover, there observed no significant difference in the mean of HbA1c levels among all age and sex throughout the year. While several changes in diabetes medication usage occurred, DPP4-inhibitor was the only oral diabetic agent that increased in frequency (+60%).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Patients with type 2 diabetes who were managed with periodical hospital visits did not show significant deterioration in HbA1c levels.</p></div

Parameters (BMI, glycemic control, lipid tests and blood pressure) of all study subjects pre-disaster and post-disaster.

<p>Data are presented as the mean (SD).</p><p>BG, blood glucose concentration; BMI, body mass index; cLDL-C, calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; E, no. of patients whose house destroyed by the earthquake; F, female; HbA1c, glycosylated haemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; M, male; N, evacuation area due to the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster; NGSP, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T, the area hit by the Tsunami; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides</p><p>Parameters (BMI, glycemic control, lipid tests and blood pressure) of all study subjects pre-disaster and post-disaster.</p

Parameters (glycemic control, lipid test) of PV (+), PV (-), and all the rest of diabetes patients other than PV (+) at SCH.

<p>Data are presented as the mean (SD).</p><p>*: p<0.05.</p><p>BG, blood glucose concentration; cLDL-C, calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; F, female; HbA1c, glycosylated haemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; M, male; NGSP, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides</p><p>Parameters (glycemic control, lipid test) of PV (+), PV (-), and all the rest of diabetes patients other than PV (+) at SCH.</p

Map of north coastal area of Fukushima prefecture with level of soil contamination in April 2011.

<p>Patients’ locations, except for three patients from Miyagi, SCH and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant are plotted on the map of Fukushima. Soma is a city located in the coastal area of Fukushima Prefecture affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake, tsunami, and the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster. Soma has a population of 36,000, of which about 26.9% are aged ≥65 years. The tsunami was recorded to have exceeded 9 m and spread 4 km inland into the city. Moreover, Soma is located about 40 km north of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. The mountainous region of the city was contaminated with radiation due to the Fukushima Nuclear power plant incident. Four-hundred sixty-two people were killed, and more than 2,000 people were evacuated to temporary housing due to the series of disasters. Copyright © 2015 Esri, HERE, DeLorme, USGS, Intermap, iPC, NRCAN, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), Esri (Thailand), MapmyIndia, TomTom, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community. All rights reserved.</p