小学校学習指導要領「総合的な学習の時間」指導の要点と課題〜「総合的な学習の時間解説編」の語句分析を中心にして〜

平成29年学習指導要領改訂の大きな目玉は、総合的な学習の時間である。学習指導要領本文（４頁）に対して、解説編はその43倍の139頁と大部である。今回、教員養成課程での指導の在り方を検討する目的で、「総合的な学習の時間解説編」を対象にして、語句分析を行った。言葉の分析を通して判明したことは、⑴合計2,440の語句⑵125のカタカナ語⑶113通りの「的」⑷難解・難読語句の使用⑸「重要である」「大切である」の多用などが明らかとなった。教員養成課程での指導では、担当者に教育学以外に幅広い専門性が必要なこと、解説を丁寧にきちんと指導するための改善点や具体的方法等について要点と課題を提示した

Exopolysaccharides extracted from Parachlorella kessleri inhibit colon carcinoma growth in mice via stimulation of host antitumor immune responses

Citation: Ishiguro, S., Uppalapati, D., Goldsmith, Z., Robertson, D., Hodge, J., Holt, H., . . . Tamura, M. (2017). Exopolysaccharides extracted from Parachlorella kessleri inhibit colon carcinoma growth in mice via stimulation of host antitumor immune responses. Plos One, 12(4), 21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175064The newly purified extracellular polysaccharides (exopolysaccharides) from Parachlorella kessleri (PCEPS) were evaluated on their antitumor and immunomodulatory effects in cell culture and mouse colon carcinoma peritoneal dissemination model. In two-dimensional cell culture, the PCEPS treatment inhibited cell growth of both murine and human colon carcinoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In contrast, the growth of mouse splenocytes (SPLs) and bone marrow cells (BMCs) were stimulated by the treatment with PCEPS. The treatment with PCEPS also increased specific subpopulations of the cells in BMCs: antigen presenting cells (CD19(+) B cells, 33D1(+) dendritic cells and CD68(+) macrophage) and CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells. In three-dimensional spheroid culture, spheroid growth of CT26 cells co-cultured with HL-60 human neutrophilic promyeloblasts and Jurkat cells (human lymphoblasts), but not THP1 human monocyte/macrophage was significantly attenuated by PCEPS treatment. In a mouse CT26 colon carcinoma peritoneal dissemination model, intraperitoneal injection of PCEPS (10 mg/kg, twice per week) significantly attenuated the growth of CT26 colon carcinoma in syngeneic mice. The present study suggests that PCEPS inhibits colon carcinoma growth via direct cell growth inhibition and a stimulation of the host antitumor immune responses. Taken together, the current study suggests that exopolysaccharides derived from Parachlorella kessleri contain significant bioactive materials that inhibit colon carcinoma growth

Late-onset spastic ataxia phenotype in a patient with a homozygous DDHD2 mutation

Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias and autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegias (ARHSPs) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurological disorders. Herein we describe Japanese siblings with a midlife-onset, slowly progressive type of cerebellar ataxia and spastic paraplegia, without intellectual disability. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous missense mutation in DDHD2, whose mutations were recently identified as the cause of early-onset ARHSP with intellectual disability. Brain MRI of the patient showed a thin corpus callosum. Cerebral proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed an abnormal lipid peak in the basal ganglia, which has been reported as the hallmark of DDHD2-related ARHSP (SPG 54). The mutation caused a marked reduction of phospholipase A(1) activity, supporting that this mutation is the cause of SPG54. Our cases indicate that the possibility of SPG54 should also be considered when patients show a combination of adult-onset spastic ataxia and a thin corpus callosum. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be helpful in the differential diagnosis of patients with spastic ataxia phenotype.ArticleSCIENTIFIC REPORTS. 4:7132 (2014)journal articl

Prognostic Value of Circulating CA 19-9 in Colorectal Cancer Patients

Aims: We examined the preoperative serum levels of sialyl Lewisa (CA19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in 262 colorectal cancer patients, in order to clarify whether or not the prognostic value of CA19-9 after curative surgery is superior to that of CEA. Patients and Methods: The patients were divided into two groups: low or high antigen groups (higher or lower than a selected diagnostic-based cut-off value). For evaluation of the prognostic value of CA19-9 and CEA, the disease-free interval was studied. Results: The disease-free interval of patients with a high serum levels of CA19-9 or CEA was significantly shorter than for those patients with a low serum level of the particular antigen (P<0.0001 and P=0.0009, respectively). The disease-free interval of patients with stage I/II tumors who had a high CA19-9 level was significantly shorter than in those patients with stage I/II tumors with low CA19-9 levels (P=0.0020). In contrast, the disease-free interval of patients with stage I/II tumors who had a low or high CEA level did not differ. Cox s regression analysis revealed that a high serum level of CA19-9 or CEA was an independent predictor for short disease-free interval after curative surgery, separate from stage (Hazard ratio=2.65 or 1.68, respectively, versus a low serum level of each respective antigen) . Conclusions: These data suggest that the preoperative serum level of CA19-9 was a stronger prognostic factor after curative surgery than CEA. Furthermore, in contrast to CEA, CA19-9 provides more prognostic information than that obtained by conventional staging methods in patients with stage I/II tumors