Development of a direct fuel injector for a two-stroke gasoline engine

A prototype pressure-swirl injector was designed to suit an arbitrary two�stroke, gasoline direct injection engine requirement. A commercial computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT was used as a tool to analyze the performance of the conceptual design. A prototype injector was fabricated once the conceptual design met the requirements. The fabricated prototype injector was then subjected to a series of specification tests such as leak test, static flow rate test and discharge coefficient test. A dedicated test rig was set up to evaluate the performance of the prototype injector. The spray images at specified time frame were illuminated by Nd:Y AG laser sheet and captured using a high-speed digital camera. The stored images were analyzed to give data of spray angle, and droplet Sauter mean diameter at fuel-air pressure differential ranging from 1.0 to 5.0 MPa, with a step size of 1.0 MPa. From the tests, the prototype injector static flow rate, half spray cone angle and the droplet Sauter mean diameter at fuel injection pressure of 5.0 MPa was found to comply with the outlined requirements, which are approximately 475 cc/min, 32° and 19 11m respectively. Finally, the experimental data was compared with the calculated data. It was found that the measured data of static flow rate, discharge coefficient, and droplet Sauter mean diameter were higher than the computed data at fuel-air pressure differential between 1.0 and 3.0 MPa. In contrast, the calculated initial spray angle was overestimated by 3% at all tested fuel-air pressure differentials

A Short Review on Renewable Energy in the Asia Pacific

The Asia Pacific energy consumption in 2018 has increased by 37.5% from 4077 to 5606 Mtoe since 2008. Four countries make up 80% of the Asia Pacific primary energy consumption. China 54.7%, India 13.5%, Japan 7.6% and South Korea 5.0%. At a rate of -0.2% per annum and -12.3% per decade, Japan is the only country in the Asia Pacific, reducing its energy consumption. Each country has a different mix of (economic-dependent) sources. China & Indonesia have major coal mix, Thailand has a major natural gas mix, while Japan & Malaysia have balance coal and natural gas mix. Renewable energy mix in the Asia Pacific countries has an average of 14.3%, with China the highest and South Korea & Taiwan the lowest. To strategically reaching each RE target, individual country should consider the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) which economically assess the average total cost to build and operate a power-generating asset over its lifetime divided by the total energy output of the asset over that lifetime

Effect of Additional CO2 and N2 Gas Blanket On Biodiesel Psychochemical Properties in Storage Tank

Abstract: Ship movement and contaminants may be the main causes of accelerated biodiesel degradation during the ship storage process. One of the techniques to protect biodiesel storage on the ship is by applying a blanketing system. In this study, CO2, N2, and natural air blankets were added to the biodiesel stainless steel tanks (B100 and B50) that swing in the sinusoidal to simulate ship movement at sea and It was stored for six months. The Physicochemical properties of biodiesel gas blanket were tested according to ASTM and EN standards. The result in this study was found that storing biodiesel in a blanket with natural air, CO2, and N2 gases for 210 days has changed the biodiesel properties in proportional to the storage duration. The addition of CO2 gas blanket was influenced to reduce the oxidation times, and water content. On another side, it has increased the value of particle count, TAN, flash point, Kinematic Viscosity, and density. While additional N2 gas blanket does not have an extreme effect on the biodiesel properties. Keywords: Biodiesel, Storage, Degradation, Characteristic, Gasses blanke

Effect of Additional CO2 and N2 Gas Blanket On Biodiesel Psychochemical Properties in Storage Tank

Abstract: Ship movement and contaminants may be the main causes of accelerated biodiesel degradation during the ship storage process. One of the techniques to protect biodiesel storage on the ship is by applying a blanketing system. In this study, CO2, N2, and natural air blankets were added to the biodiesel stainless steel tanks (B100 and B50) that swing in the sinusoidal to simulate ship movement at sea and It was stored for six months. The Physicochemical properties of biodiesel gas blanket were tested according to ASTM and EN standards. The result in this study was found that storing biodiesel in a blanket with natural air, CO2, and N2 gases for 210 days has changed the biodiesel properties in proportional to the storage duration. The addition of CO2 gas blanket was influenced to reduce the oxidation times, and water content. On another side, it has increased the value of particle count, TAN, flash point, Kinematic Viscosity, and density. While additional N2 gas blanket does not have an extreme effect on the biodiesel properties. Keywords: Biodiesel, Storage, Degradation, Characteristic, Gasses blanke

Experimental study of heat transfer enhancement by inserting metal chain in heat exchanger tube

Heat transfer augmentation in heat exchangers is important in many large industrial applications and many studies have been conducted on this subject. In this paper, an experimental study was used to verify the increased heat transfer of a circular heat exchanger tube with the insertion of metal chains, under turbulent flow conditions. A rig was designed and fabricated to investigate the effects of using the metal chain as turbulators inside the heat exchanger pipe, on heat transfer performance and on fluid flow behavior. The metal chains used were of different lengths of chain ring and different diameters of ring wire. Five ring length/tube diameter ratios (P/D) were used, (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). Two wire diameter /tube diameter ratios (t/D) were used in this work (0.1 and 0.15). Heavy fuel oil (HFO) was used inside the tube, flowing at 30 °C with uniform tube wall temperature. The Reynolds numbers tested were between 5,000 and 15,000. The results showed the thermal enhancement factor (η) decreased with increasing Reynolds number for all cases, depending on lengths of chain ring (P) and thickness the weir chain (t) values. A maximum thermal enhancement factor (η) was found with a metal chain at P/D=3 and t/D= 0.15. The results also show that P/D=1 and t= 4mm, give the highest Nusselt number

NATURAL GAS COMBUSTION INSIDE A CONFINED VOLUME CHAMBER USING GAS-JET IGNITION METHOD

The demand for natural gas is increasing since recent climate change. Natural gas is considered an abundant energy source with low greenhouse-gas emissions. A natural gas engine usually operates in lean-burn mode to gain the advantage of high thermal efficiency and low nitrogen oxides emission. Aproblem typically associated with natural gas combustion in lean mode is poor ignitability. The objective of this study is to improve ignitability of lean natural gas combustion using gas-jet ignition method. Several experiments were done using a confined volume chamber apparatus. Images of the combustion flame were captured using a high speed camera, and hydrocarbon emissions were measured. The result showed that the gas-jet ignition method is effective in improving ignitability of lean natural gas mixture. A addition of 30% hydrogen gas to the natural gas fuel improves both the ignitability and further flame propagation, thus lowering the hydrocarbon emission

Numerical study on heat transfer enhancement in a curved channel with baffles

Curved channel is commonly used in cement mill's journal bearing. In this study, heat transfer enhancement of curved channel having a rectangular cross-section with using inclined shape baffles is numerically investigated. The effects of different parameters of baffles, i.e. attack angle (α= 45°, 60°, and 90°), and the number of baffles (NB=9 and 13 baffles) are examined. The water is selected as working fluid for laminar and turbulent flow region. A standard k-ε turbulence model together with enhanced wall treatment is applied to solve the complex flow in Re of 500–5000. Influences of those parameters on heat transfer and friction performances in terms of Nusselt number, friction factor , Nussellt number enhancement ratio, and thermal performance factor, respectively are studied. The results show that the best condition to achieve maximum heat transfer at angle α = 90° , NB=13 and Re=5000 compared with other conditions. Furthermore, the maximum thermal performance factor (TEF) of the curved channel with using baffles is 4.4 at the same condition. This indicated that the geometry of baffles inside curved channel can improve the heat transfer significantly with reasonable increase in friction losses

Performance and Emissions of 1.3L and 1.6L Engines Fueled with Gasoline and CNG at Several Vehicle Speeds

The main objective of this work was to investigate a comparison between engine performance and exhaust emissions for 1.3L and 1.6L 4-cylinder engines fueled with gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). The test engines were fitted with the same CNG conversion kit, which operated with either gasoline or CNG. The engine performance and exhaust emissions were measured over vehicle speeds at 30 km/h, 50 km/h, 70 km/h, 90 km/h, and 100 km/h, with half throttle valve position. The results showed that brake powers decreased at an average of 25.18% and 33.94% when using CNG fuel. There is also a reduction in brake specific energy consumptions at an average of 17.25% for 1.3L engines. However, there is an increment of brake specific energy consumption at a lower speed for 1.6L engine fueled with CNG. The 1.3L engine produces higher exhaust gas temperatures at an average of 5.14% when running on CNG. The exhaust emissions of the 1.6L engine fueled with CNG showed higher HC, CO, O2, NOx and lower CO2 compared to the 1.3L engine fueled with the same fuel

Effect of Performance and Exhaust Emission using Liquid Phase LPG Sequential Injection as an Alternative Fuel in Spark Ignition Engine

LPG has a higher research octane number (RON) and low carbon to hydrogen ratio contains. Thus LPG has prospects to gain more performance and reducing the exhaust emission in spark ignition (SI) engine. The objectives of this study are to identify the influence liquid phase LPG system tested on SI engine and investigate the performance and exhaust emission of LPG and gasoline. The contain LPG has 60% butane and 40% propane, according to Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). The experiment was operating on a 1.6 Liter, 4 inline cylinders from a Proton Gen 2 (S4PH). The engine fuel delivery was equipped with Multiport Injection (MPI) system. Injectors LPG Liquid Sequential Injection (LSI) was mounted at close intake valve without disturbing gasoline injectors. To control the LPG injector system, the piggy-back system was installed as to emulate the stock Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The engine was tested via chassis dynamometer at steady state conditions to analyze the Brake Power (BP) and Brake Torque (BT) at a desired engine speed from 1500rpm to 4000rpm with increments of 500rpm. Meanwhile, the Throttle Position (TP) was varied at four conditions that were 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% for every single engine speed. The result of the performance showed liquid phase LPG increased BT and BP in the range of 3% to 7%, BSFC was reduced in the range 21% to 52%. The exhaust emission from carbon monoxide (CO) was decreased in the range of 2% to 19%, exhaust emission from a hydrocarbon (HC) was emitted increment in the range of 40% to70% and nitrogen oxide (NOX) exhaust emission was elevated in an average of 60% in comparison with gasoline. The LPG LSI system is more effective than gasoline in Spark Ignition (SI) engine at lower engine speed (1500rpm to 2500rpm) due to low Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and exhaust emission

CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Controlling Concept for Common Rail Diesel

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is gaining interest as a clean fossil fuel alternative in a diesel dual fuel system. The dual fuel system is proven to provide benefits in terms of fuel consumption and exhaust emission. This article briefly describes a concept of controlling strategy of a CNG-diesel dual fuel system for a common rail diesel engine. A lower diesel common rail pressure was emulated to reduce the diesel fuel quantity, then substitute it with an equivalent CNG fuel quantity. The tuning process is vital to ensure a comparable performance. It requires measurement of lambda values and tuning of both diesel and CNG set values in their respective look-up tables for the whole engine operation. Test results showed that the lambda values are between 1.5 and 3.0, depending on the load demand indicated by the accelerator pedal positions. This concept is relatively easy to be implemented, but it may cause poor combustion and emission quality due to poor diesel fuel atomization at lower injection pressure. However, an optimum performance and emission could be achieved by scrutinizing the diesel fuel reduction and CNG fuel substitution