Karakteristik Torrefaksi dan Densifikasi Limbah Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit

Energy demand increases continuously due to the growth of industries. Most industries still rely on fossil fuel that its price commonly increases and the deposit in the universe decreases since it is not renewable resource. Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer in the world that has potential abundance biomass of empty fruit bunch (EFB) of oil palm. It can be alternative energy source. The EFB is commonly used as fuel for heat source of boiler jn the palm oil plant. Most applications were by conventional combustion process that has disadvantage of low energy value. The EFB was only chopped and grinded, and then dried prior to combustion process. This study investigates improvement of energy quality of EFB through torrefaction (or light pyrolysis) and densification process.  The EFB was chopped in the small size and grinded in the form of fiber, then dried. The EFB fiber in small slices was pressed in a small steel tube and heated in the range of 200-300°C. The variables of study were duration and temperature of process. The initial heat value of EFB was 18,241 MJ/kg that slightly lower than its of kernel shell heat value 19.955 MJ/kg. The water content were found 6.28% and 4.31% for EFB and kernel shell respectively.  Results have shown that torrefaction and densification have improved the calorific value of EFB in the range of 6.58-16.71% of its initial value.  On the other hand, the energy yield has decreased to 97.54, 97.26 and 93.76% of its initial energy yield for torrefaction temperature of 200, 250 and 300°C respectivel

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KINETIKA REAKSI KHROM DAN KAPUR PADAM PADA PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH PENYAMAKAN KULIT SECARA BATCH

Kulit merupakan bahan baku untuk produk-produk kerajinan. Sebelum digunakan, kulit melalui proses penyamakan. Sebagaian besar industri penyamakan kulit menggunakan khrom sebagai bahan penyamak. Untuk limbah penyamakan kulit yang mengandung khrom, kadar maksimum yang diperbolehkan sebesar 2,0 mg/L. limbah yang dihasilkan perlu ditangani agar tidak menimbulkan masalah lingkungan. Pemungutan khrom dari limbah cair penyamakan kulit dapat dilakukan dengan mereaksikan dengan kapur padam. Namun kondisi dan kinetika reaksinya belum diketahui secara baik, khususnya reaksi dalam reaktor batch, sehingga perlu dipelajari. Reaksi pemungutan khrom dengan kapur padam dapat dilakukan dalam reaktor slurry tangki berpengaduk secara batch. Mula-mula limbah penyamakan kulit dimasukan kedalam reaktor kemudian diaduk dengan kecepatan tertentu pada suhu kamar. Pada kondisi reaktor telah tercapai kemudian dimasukan kapur padam. Cuplikan diambil setiap selang waktu 3 menit selama 24 menit..Analisis konsentrasi khrom yang tertinggal dijalankan dengan Atomic Absorrption Spectrofhotometer (AAS). Variable yang dipelajari adalah variasi kecepatan pengaduk pada kisaran 140-200 rpm, suhu 30 –60 C, dan perbandingan mol kapur padam dengan mol khrom 1 – 3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa reaksi antara kapur padam dengan khrom secara keseluruhan dikendalikan oleh perpindahan massa pada lapisan film cair dan lapisan hasil. Pada suhu 30 – 60 C, konstanta kecepatan reaksi mengikuti persamaan Arrhenius. Kenaikan suhu pada rentang tersebut tidak berpengaruh besar pada nilai difusivitas pada lapisan hasil. Perbandingan mol kapur padam dengan khrom tidak mempengaruhi konstanta perpindahan massa pada lapisan film cair, difusivitas pada lapisan hasil maupun konstanta kecepatan reaksi. Kata kunci: limbah, penyamakan, kulit, khrom, kapur padam, kinetika, reaks

Review: Biomassa Sebagai Adsorbent untuk Pengolahan Logam Berat Pada Air Limbah Industri

Industrial wastewater generally contains heavy metalssuch as lead, cadmium, arsenic, nickel, chromium and mercury. Contamination of water with these elements is very dangerous and will pollute the environment, so a suitable waste water treatment is required. This review aims to find out the efficient methods of handling industrial wastewater and the benefits of biomass. Many scientific methods are used in this regard, including adsorption, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical treatment, membrane filtration, coagulation and flocculation. However, some of these techniques have drawbacks such aswill produce a large amount of metal sludge, making it difficult to recycle metal, and the formation of toxic sludge or other wastes. Of all these techniques, adsorption with adsorbent biomasshas been widely known because it is an economical, effective and environmentally friendly processing technique, so this method is suitable for treating industrial wastewater. The use of biomass as an adsorbent is intendedto help reduce dependence on fossil raw materials and greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change

6. Paper Maryudi-UAD. Key Engineering Material

Kelut volcano had erupted in February 2014. The eruption has produced various materials i.e. ash, sands, etc. Volcanic ash contains various elements such as Si, Al, Ca, Fe, Na and P. It is potential to be used as raw material for cement-based products. This study investigates the utilization of Kelut’s volcanic ash as the raw material of cement-brick. The Kelut’s volcanic ash was analyzed to determine the contents of iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and silica (Si). The volcanic ash was screened to obtain 100 mesh size of ash. The volcanic ash of 100 mesh size was mixed with cement, sand, and water with ratio of 1 kg cement, 2 kg volcanic ash, and 15 kg sand (1 :2 :15). The mixture of volcanic ash, sand and cement was poured and pressed in the concrete brick mold. The concrete brick was then aerated in a room for hardening process. The experiment was repeated for another ratio of raw material (cement: volcanic ash: sand = 2:1:15) and the age of the concrete brick (46, 61, 75 and 89 days). Concrete bricks were analyzed to determine the quality and the mechanical characteristics. The results has shown that Kelut’s volcanic ash has a composition of aluminum (Al) 4.707%, silica (SiO2) 23.4%, and iron (Fe) 3.85%, that is like the composition of the cement materials. The concrete bricks which are made of cement, Kelut’s volcanic ash, and sand with the ratio of 2:1:15 has a maximum compression strength of 18.85 MPa at the age of 89 days. The addition of Kelut’s volcanic ash has improved the strength of concrete brick. However, too much volcanic ash will lead to increasing compression strengt

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