Urinary Tract Infection and its association with Parenteral Diarrhea in Children

Abstract: To evaluate the incidence of urinary tract infection and its correlation with diarrhea in children. Materials and Methods: Non randomized sampling was done on 200 patients having diarrhea. For urinary sample collection all the aseptic methods were used while catherization of the patient. Urine was sent for the culture to a reliable lab and signs and symptoms of all the patients were noted. Patient management was done with standardized techniques.Results: Urinary tract infection was confirmed in 60 patients out of the 200 selected ones. Escherichia Coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Citrobacter were the most commonly isolated organisms seen on the culture report.Key Words: Urinary Tract Infection, Diarrhea, Microorganisms

Survellience system for child abuse: Bridging the gap between actual and hidden cases.

The dynamics of child abuse have been recognised as a global emerging social issue which is highly associated with child humiliation. The Government of Pakistan has taken many initiatives for addressing issues regarding child abuse and neglect and has designed laws to protect children against exploitation, abuse and violence; however, most of them are not enforced at all or poorly implemented due to lack of proper definition of child abuse and related terms, and different ways of reporting child abuse cases. Most of the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in Pakistan target extreme cases of child sexual abuse such as child rape or commercial sexual exploitation of children, but cases of physical and psychological abuse are under-reported by the NGOs most of the time. A proper surveillance system is therefore required to identify the hidden cases of all types of child abuse that can lead to effective policy formulation and implementation

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Experience in Patients Presenting to A Tertiary Care Hospital: A Case Series

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare cause of rapidly progressive dementia, it is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the misfolding of prion proteins in the brain, and misfolded proteins further propagate by causing misfolding of other proteins. It presents with insidious onset of neurobehavioral symptoms that rapidly develop into cognitive and motor decline and uncontrolled seizures. The diagnosis is established with help of clinical signs and symptoms, and using imaging and lab investigations to rule out other treatable causes. Some imaging findings point to the diagnosis of CJD that will be viewed in the cases below. Diagnosis can be augmented by CSF studies but due to the risk of biohazard and spread of CJD, special care needs to be taken. Confirmation is only via brain biopsy. In this article we share our experience with four cases of CJD that presented to our hospital

Application of Behavioural Emotional Rating scale (BERS 2nd ed.) to Study Social and Emotional Behaviour of Students at Middle Level in District Mirpur Azad Jammu Kashmir

Social Emotional Learning (SEL) is an ‘Umbrella term’ which covers all the aspects of development of an individual and can increase positive attitude towards self and others, hence reduces negative thinking. Social Emotional Learning is necessary to provide awareness to develop five core competencies i. Self-Awareness, ii. Self-Management, iii. Relationship skills, iv. Social-Awareness, v. Responsible decision making in students, as it is prerequisite for learning process. It creates a stable person who knows, how to behave in certain circumstances. The objectives of the study were to analyze the self-management in students at Middle level, identify the factors associated with responsible decision making, to develop better relationship skills that associates confidence in children, to explore the social awareness rate, to examine the abilities of children self-awareness. This study was quantitative in nature as it was implementation of BERS Scale (2nd Ed.) which is accurate & valid scale to measure attitude & is based on 4-point Likert Scale. Data was collected through BERS Questionnaires which are authentic and comprises of 55 questions. Data was analyzed trough applying of statistical techniques. Results showed majority of the students said that they are stable which indicate that Education system in Mirpur (A.J.K) has been improved in the past few years due to teacher training programs and facilities provided to the students. The study recommended that Social Emotional learning is essential for students. It also suggested that students can be saved from getting into depression, anxiety, regression, aggression and other mental disorders trough proper parental care, eradication of poverty, teacher training, gifted & talented education (GATE) of teachers and turning of schools into homelike environment

Successful Outpatient Management of Children at a Secondary Care Hospital in Pakistan in a Dengue Fever Epidemic and Their Clinical Outcomes

Background. There is limited published literature on the feasibility of WHO 2009 guidelines for the management of dengue fever (DF) in Pakistani children. This study aimed to assess the outcome of children with DF who received outpatient treatment according to these guidelines during a DF epidemic. Method. This was a prospective cohort study conducted at Federal General Hospital, a secondary care hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from 1st August to 31st October 2019. Using WHO DF 2009 guidelines, children ≤13 years, diagnosed as confirmed DF (NS1 Ag +), were classified into the outpatient (DF) or the inpatient group (DF with warning signs or severe dengue (SD)). The inpatient group was admitted to the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, a tertiary care hospital, and discharged on recovery. These children were followed for the primary outcome, i.e., recovery or hospitalization by day 14 of enrollment. Additionally, clinical and laboratory features (Hb, HCT, TLC, PLT, and ALT) of the patients in the outpatient who remained stable with those who progressed to inpatient care during follow-up were compared; also, time of recovery of blood counts was assessed. Results. Of 93 children with DF, 87 (93.5%) received outpatient care at enrollment. Of these, 6 (7.8%) deteriorated by day 7 and were admitted to inpatient care. SD was present in 6/93 (6.4%) patients at presentation and were admitted. All children showed signs of recovery until day 14. Male gender (p = 0.049), lower normal mean platelet (p = 0.02), and high mean hematocrit (p = 0.001) were associated with disease progression. Conclusion. The majority of children with confirmed DF who received outpatient treatment according to WHO 2009 guidelines were successfully managed. Additionally, confirmed DF with warning signs or SD were admitted and recovered. Regular follow-ups according to the guidelines are pertinent. Thrombocytopenia and high HCT were associated with disease progression.publishedVersio

Biogenic Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Biological Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles Using Cleome brachycarpa

The therapeutical attributes of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in both conditions (in vitro and in vivo) have been investigated using different plants. This study focused on the green chemistry approach that was employed to optimize the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Cleome brachycarpa aqueous extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The characterization of obtained CB-AgNPs was undertaken using UV-visible spectroscopy, Atomic-force microscopy (AFM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Results suggest that CB-AgNPs synthesized via stirring produced small-sized particles with more even distribution. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were spherical with a 20 to 80 nm size range. In vitro studies were used to analyze antioxidant, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic potential under different conditions. The results also indicated that CB-AgNPs may have significant potential as an antidiabetic in low concentrations, but also exhibited potential antioxidant activity at different concentrations. Moreover, the anticancer activity against the breast cell line (MCF-7) with IC50 reached up to 18 μg/mL. These results suggest that green synthesized silver nanoparticles provide a promising phytomedicine for the management of diabetes and cancer therapeutics

PHYSICAL THERAPISTS AND NURSES’ KNOWLEDGE OF GLASGOW COMA SCALE WORKING IN HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL SETTINGS

Introduction: The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a reproducible tool used to measure the depth and duration of the consciousness level of comatose patients, especially in emergency departments by healthcare professionals for neurological assessment. It is important for members of rehabilitation teams, specifically physical therapists (PTs) and nurses, to have knowledge of the GCS and the necessary skills to apply the scale and interpret the results. The present study is aimed to investigate and compare physiotherapist and nurses’ knowledge in using the GCS in hospital and clinical settings. Material & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which a convenience sample of 1,300 participants was chosen, considering nurses from government and private hospitals and PTs from hospitals and clinics in Faisalabad. SPSS Version 20 was used to enter and analyse the data. Pearson chi-square was used to find out association and Independent Samples t-test was used to compare the knowledge of PT and Nurses. Results: The findings of study revealed that majority of the PTs (84.1%) had good knowledge of the GCS, yet only 2.9% of nurses had good knowledge. Most participants with good basic knowledge of the GCS lacked knowledge in the application and interpretation of GCS. Age, gender, educational level, and type of health facility were strongly associated with level of knowledge with significant p value<.001. The mean knowledge of nurses and physiotherapists was 59.84±14.65 and 89.81±8.45 respectively. Conclusion: The physical therapists' knowledge of the GCS was good compared to the knowledge of the nurse

Population Fluctuation of Bemisia Tabaci (L) and its Associated Predators under Combined Effects of Sowing Date and Varieties

The sowing date is very crucial among agronomic techniques for ensuring productivity and controlling insect pest. In 2018 and 2019, sowings were carried out 15 days intervals, starting on March 1 and ending on June 16. The dates were: March 1, March 16, April 1, May 1, May 16, and June 1. On advanced cultivars of Bt cotton, namely MNH-1026, MNH-1050, and IUB-13, the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera), and beneficial/predatory fauna were researched (control). The statistical analysis was multivariate. The relationship between the predatory fauna and the prey (whiteflies) in the correlogram was favourable. Predators showed a positive association with whitefly (0.592), boll weight (0.681), boll number (0.872), and seed cotton production (0.886) per acre, in that order. It was determined through Principal Components Analysis (PCA) that PC1 had an Eigen value \u3e1 and accounted for 79.3% of the overall variation due to the greatest positive loading vectors. It was determined that because late planting had a short growing period, whiteflies attacked it less frequently. It was determined that short-season crop cultivation and the breeding of resistant germplasm are advantageous in the face of climate change

Longitudinal association between parental-to-child-maltreatment and self-reported generalized anxiety disorder symptoms in Pakistani adolescents

Background: Parent-to-child maltreatment is considered one of the risk factors for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) symptoms, but this hypothesis has not been adequately tested in Pakistani settings.Aim: This study aimed to examine the association between parent-to-child maltreatment and the risk of developing GAD symptoms among adolescents.Methods: The association of none to rare, occasionally, and frequently parent-to-child maltreatment with the incidence of GAD symptoms was investigated in a sample of 800 adolescents aged 11-17 years who were followed for two years. Parent-to-child maltreatment was assessed using ICAST-C (International child abuse screening tool). GAD Symptoms were determined by SCARED (Screen for children anxiety-related disorders). Cox Proportional Algorithm was used to estimate risk ratios.Results: Among children with both uneducated parents, frequently maltreatment was associated with 7.31 (2.20-24.04) times the risk of GAD symptoms compared to none to rare maltreatment. In contrast, the risk of GAD symptoms in frequently maltreated children was 5.58 times (1.40-21.97) than negligibly maltreated children with either educated parent.Conclusion: The frequency of parent-to-child maltreatment is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing GAD symptoms in which parental education plays a crucial role. Parents should be imparted with the awareness of the consequences of child maltreatment. In Pakistani settings the need to have this awareness is even more necessary due to the culturally acceptable disciplinary measures used by parents