The Use of Bio-Inks and the Era of Bioengineering and Tooth Regeneration

Objective: To review existing literature and provide an update on the current use of Bio-Inks and potential future use. Material and Methods: A MeSH keyword search was conducted to find out relevant articles for this short review. Results: Bio inks used in 3D printing grafting require various properties essential for the selection. Combining multiple methods and improved properties is essential for developing successful bio-inks for 3D grafting of functional tissues and tooth pulp regeneration from stem cells. To date, researchers have made many efforts to grow teeth based on stem cells and inculcate regeneration of teeth along with surrounding tissues like alveolar bones and periodontal ligaments. Conclusion: 3D printing with Bio-Inks requires strict adherence to safety protocols for successful outcomes, making it difficult to employ this routinely

Are We Hearing Right? The Negative Impact of New SARS-CoV-2 Preventive Measures and Prolonged Use of Treatment Modalities during Orthodontic Treatment

Since the dental treatment involves the use of various instruments and machines, there is ample presence of both distracting as well as destructive noise, and these are defined based on various parameters. With an increase in safety measures incorporated into dental practices, such as extra-oral suction devices and respirators, there has also been a corresponding rise in noise levels usually present in a clinic. Previous clinical experiments and trials have shown that the noise in a dental office can permanently bring about hearing damage. In addition to this, working with added safety measures during the pandemic, such as the use of personal protective equipment, respirators, and face shields can decrease operator efficiency and the ability to communicate normally. Dentistry has already been demonstrated to be one of the most hazardous occupations because of the high risk of infections. An Orthodontist must protect their eyes and mouth from potentially hazardous situations and the ears to prevent hearing damage

Computer Vision Syndrome: Will the Pandemic Lead to Eye Problems for Dentists?

Over the past year and a half dental education has been conducted primarily online due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. During the pandemic, we have spent many hours a day on our computers, mobile phones, and tablets to gather information and participate in online seminars and classrooms. Health consequences resulting from the overuse of these devices include carpal tunnel syndrome as well as computer vision syndrome (CVS). Computer vision syndrome, also known as digital eye strain, has several associated features such as eye burning, strained vision, dry eye, blurred vision, and associated neck and shoulder pain. Several predisposing factors have been linked with CVS, but often this problem gets ignored. The management of this syndrome is aimed at educating dentists on computer use, position, and the surrounding environment. Considering all this, we must ensure that we spend some time away from these devices every day to avoid any significant vision problems. The objective of preparing this manuscript was to provide a brief overview of the increased prevalence of computer vision syndrome and its associated features

Channa Striata and Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Combination for Pressure Areas in Orthodontic Treatment

Objective: To study the effect of using a combination of Channa Striata gel and hyperbaric oxygen therapy on pressure areas during orthodontic treatment. Material and Methods: The study was conducted using the ARRIVE Essential 10 guidelines. In this study, 35 3-4 months male guinea pigs (Cavia Cobaya) weighing 300-400 grams were used and divided into 5 groups (n=7). Decalcification was performed to dissolve the dental calcium and jawbone to cut the tissue properly. The decalcification was performed for 30 days. Then preparations were made with HE (Hematoxylin Eosin), observed using a microscope, and counted the number of osteoclasts and macrophages on a light microscope with 400 times magnification. The results of the preparations were analyzed using the SPSS program. Results: The Kruskal-Wallis test of macrophage cells and the ANOVA test of osteoclast cells showed significant results between all groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy 2,4 ATA administered on days 8-14 and Channa Striata extract gel administered on days 3-14 can increase the number of macrophages in the periodontal ligament and osteoclasts in the alveolar bone in the pressure area during orthodontic tooth movement

A Multicultural Demographic Study to Evaluate the Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on the Job Satisfaction across the Dental Industry

Objective: To evaluate the difference in working conditions as perceived by dentists during the pandemic and their professional satisfaction levels. Material and Methods:  An online survey was conducted using the convenience and snowball sampling methods. Two hundred seventy-two respondents across various countries answered information related to socio-demographic data and work satisfaction levels during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Results: 40.1% of dentists reported dissatisfied with their current work, while another 13.6% of dentists fell in the extremely dissatisfied category. 22.8% of dentists were significantly dissatisfied with their current income. Furthermore, 38.4% of the dentists were dissatisfied with physical working conditions, while 33.5% reported dissatisfaction with the freedom of working methods. Conclusion: This study was focused on the connection between various intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting working conditions, social interactions, and psychological stresses. From the findings of this multicultural study, we can see that dentists across different countries have been affected and have varying levels of dissatisfaction. Therefore, regulatory authorities must plan for support and interventional programs to help dental professionals pass this difficult period

In Vitro Microscopic Evaluation of Metal- And Zirconium-Oxide-Based Crowns’ Marginal Fit

Objective: To evaluate the marginal adaptation of computer-aided designing and computer-aided machining (CAD/CAM) fabricated cobalt-chromium and zirconium-oxide-based ceramic crowns compared to those produced by a conventional method. Material and Methods: The study consists of three groups; 45 crowns fabricated from cobalt-chromium (CAD-CoCr) and 45 crowns manufactured from zirconium CAD/CAM technology (CAD-Z), and 45 control (C) which consists of conventional metal-ceramic crowns. The marginal discrepancies in vertical dimensions were assessed utilizing a microscope in four surfaces (mesial, distal, vestibular, and oral) for each crown. On completion of the microscopic evaluation, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to study the difference in the four surfaces, considered altogether. Two-way ANOVA revealed the effect of three systems used for gap measurements of each landmark. The differences observed were considered significant at p<0.05. Results: There were no differences in the four surfaces revealed by АNOVА in the three groups when considered altogether. Two-way ANOVA of each surface discovered no differences among all groups as well. Conclusion: The CAD/CAM crowns revealed a comparable and satisfactory marginal adaptation compared to conventional metal-ceramic crowns

Tooth evolution and its effect on the malocclusion in modern human dentition

Human evolution refers to the natural process of all human clade members involved in evolutionary history. Modern humans’ orofacial complex and the masticatory system evolved from their ancestors to the current state of hominins. The preservation of teeth in the fossil record makes these small organs essential for the work of palaeontologists and anthropologists. Furthermore, with the recent discovery and scientific development in dentistry, teeth have become of interest to the fields of regenerative medicine, aesthetics, and orthodontic treatment. From the perspective of anthropology studies, tooth evolution is associated with various anatomical and structural changes in the human body. Malocclusion in modern humans has been predicted as a result of tooth evolution linked to food processing and consumption. Tooth evolution affects the incisor-canine complex that lies behind the upper arch, decreases pneumatization of the frontal sinuses, moves the temporomandibular joints forward, and reduces jaw size. These changes cause the dentition to deviate from normal occlusion, resulting in tooth crowding, protrusion, or malposition

Predicting sex from panoramic radiographs using mandibular morphometric analysis in Surabaya, Indonesia

Identity verification is a crucial component of forensic sciences, as it necessitates accurately determining an individual\u27s sex, age, and ancestry. The mandible is a commonly studied facial bone for sex determination due to its durability and preservation. This study aims to evaluate various parameters in the mandible for sex determination through morphometric analysis of panoramic radiographs. Fifty-seven panoramic radiographs of patients (22 males and 35 females, 18 – 40 years old) were examined in this study. Ten specific parameters were determined as follows: Bi-condylar Breadth (BCD), Bi-Coronoid Breadth (BCR), Bi-Mental Foramen Breadth (BMF), Bi-Mandibular Notch Breadth (BMN), Bi-Gonial Breadth (BGN), Minimum Ramus Breadth (MRB), Symphysis Height (SYM), Ramus Height (RAH), Mandibular Body Length (MBL), and Mandibular Notch Length (MNL). The morphometric analysis of these parameters was evaluated using Adobe Photoshop®CS6 software. The discriminant function analysis showed a significant difference between males and females in two variables: SYM and RAH, with Wilks’ lambda values of 0.857 and 0.924, respectively, and p<0.05. The mean value of symphysis height was 29.10 ± 4.42 mm in males and 25.97 ± 3.36 mm in females, with p<0.004. Similarly, the mean value of ramus height was 54.64 ± 10.79 mm in males and 49.89 ± 7.13 mm in females, with p<0.038. The formula Z = -4.887 + (0.31*SYM) + (0.046*RAH) can be used to determine sex using these variables. These findings may have important implications for forensic investigations and provide a non-invasive method for sex determination

Predicting sex from panoramic radiographs using mandibular morphometric analysis in Surabaya, Indonesia

Identity verification is a crucial component of forensic sciences, as it necessitates accurately determining an individual\u27s sex, age, and ancestry. The mandible is a commonly studied facial bone for sex determination due to its durability and preservation. This study aims to evaluate various parameters in the mandible for sex determination through morphometric analysis of panoramic radiographs. Fifty-seven panoramic radiographs of patients (22 males and 35 females, 18 – 40 years old) were examined in this study. Ten specific parameters were determined as follows: Bi-condylar Breadth (BCD), Bi-Coronoid Breadth (BCR), Bi-Mental Foramen Breadth (BMF), Bi-Mandibular Notch Breadth (BMN), Bi-Gonial Breadth (BGN), Minimum Ramus Breadth (MRB), Symphysis Height (SYM), Ramus Height (RAH), Mandibular Body Length (MBL), and Mandibular Notch Length (MNL). The morphometric analysis of these parameters was evaluated using Adobe Photoshop®CS6 software. The discriminant function analysis showed a significant difference between males and females in two variables: SYM and RAH, with Wilks’ lambda values of 0.857 and 0.924, respectively, and p<0.05. The mean value of symphysis height was 29.10 ± 4.42 mm in males and 25.97 ± 3.36 mm in females, with p<0.004. Similarly, the mean value of ramus height was 54.64 ± 10.79 mm in males and 49.89 ± 7.13 mm in females, with p<0.038. The formula Z = -4.887 + (0.31*SYM) + (0.046*RAH) can be used to determine sex using these variables. These findings may have important implications for forensic investigations and provide a non-invasive method for sex determination

3D Bitemark Analysis in Forensic Odontology Utilizing a Smartphone Camera and Open-Source Monoscopic Photogrammetry Surface Scanning

Bitemark analysis is a challenging procedure in the field of criminal case investigation. The unique characteristics of dentition are used to find the best match between the existing patterned injury and the suspected perpetrator in bitemark identification. Bitemark analysis accuracy can be influenced by various factors, including biting pressure, tooth morphology, skin elasticity, dental cast duplication, timing, and image quality. This review article discusses the potential of a smartphone camera as an alternative method for 3D bitemark analysis. Bitemark evidence on human skin and food should be immediately recorded or duplicated to retrieve long-lasting proof, allowing for a sufficient examination period. Various studies utilizing two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) technologies have been developed to obtain an adequate bitemark analysis. 3D imaging technology provides accurate and precise analysis. However, the currently available method using an intraoral scanner (IOS) requires high-cost specialized equipment and a well-trained operator. The numerous advantages of monoscopic photogrammetry may lead to a novel method of 3D bitemark analysis in forensic odontology. Smartphone cameras and monoscopic photogrammetry methodology could lead to a novel method of 3D bitemark analysis with an efficient cost and readily available equipment