Lessons from the World Trade Center for Open Space Planning Generally and Boston\u27s Big Dig Specifically

This paper looks to several land use planning issues at stake in both the World Trade Center redevelopment and Central Artery/Tunnel Project, offering some lessons for the future of public open space planning with respect to the influence of the press, the centrality of politics, the urgency of addressing public and private claims of land ownership, the need to engage the public, and seizing the opportunity to create new public transportation links

The First Women Members of the Supreme Court Bar, 1879-1900

In 1879, Belva A. Lockwood of Washington, D.C., became the first woman member of the bar of the U. S. Supreme Court. Lockwood had applied for admission to the bar three years earlier, but had been refused on the ground that no woman had ever been admitted and thus there was no precedent for women\u27s admission. Not easily defeated, Lockwood lobbied Congress to amend the rules governing admission of attorneys to the Supreme Court bar to allow for women as well as men. In February, 1879, Congress adopted an Act to relieve certain legal disabilities of women, which authorized women to be admitted to practice before the Court. Lockwood promptly reapplied for admission, which was granted, making her the first woman member of the Supreme Court bar. Over the course of the next twenty years, from 1880 to 1900, nineteen other women joined Lockwood as members of the Supreme Court bar. Prior to joining the high court\u27s bar, these women had achieved many other firsts for women in the legal profession, by being the first women to attend, or graduate from, their law schools, the first women to join their states\u27 bars, or the first women to hold particular positions within the legal profession, such as law school dean and master of chancery. In breaking barriers to women\u27s entry into the legal profession, and achieving a high degree of professional success while doing so, these women were recognized as leading women lawyers of their day. These early female Supreme Court bar members were well known to one another. They worked together in the woman suffrage movement, were active in the same professional and voluntary associations, and corresponded with one another about personal and professional issues. In time, they began to move each other\u27s admission in the Supreme Court bar. For example, in 1890, Ada M. Bittenbender, the third woman member of the Supreme Court bar, moved the admission of Emma M. Gillett, the seventh woman member of the Supreme Court bar. Then in 1891, Gillett moved the admission of Marila Ricker, the ninth woman member of the Supreme Court bar. Ellen Spencer Mussey of Washington, D.C., the thirteenth woman member, moved the admission of over twenty women in the Supreme Court bar between 1897 and 1920

The Creative Path to Peace: An Exploration of Creative Arts-based Peacebuilding Projects

ABSTRACT OF PROJECT The Creative Path to Peace: An Exploration of Creative Arts-based Peacebuilding Projects There is a strong connection between creative arts and building capacity for peaceful transformation of entrenched conflict. While governments, warlords, militias and bureaucrats may control or dominate the overt peacebuilding process, artists of all disciplines work behind the scenes, in communities, cultural centers, refugee camps and war zones, building resiliency and peace from the personal level. This project explores how the creative arts stimulate and support peacebuilding: the nature and definition of peace itself, and the aspects of creative arts that render them powerful in the role of peacebuilding. The substance of this project is an extensive literature review, to better illuminate both the current understandings of peace from social psychology, and the literature on creative arts applications and projects for building peace. By obtaining the views and experiences of a selection of identified creative arts groups working in the field, synergies and shared experiences are identified in more clearly defining the role of the creative arts in building peace. The driving question of the project is in what ways do hands-on, participative creative arts projects support peace building? Keywords: peace, peacebuilding, creativity, creative arts, art, transformation, conflic

Reconstructing the World Trade Center: An Argument for the Applicability of Personhood Theory to Commercial Property Ownership and Use

This essay highlights two critical understandings gained from examining the rise, fall, and subsequent reconstruction of the World Trade Center through the lens of personhood theory: (1) that proponents of personhood theory have failed to appreciate the significant potential for self-constitution and self-expression contained within commercial property ownership and use; and (2) that the post-9/J1 decision to leave undeveloped the \u27footprinted land underlying the original World Trade Center towers represents a decommodification (withdrawal from market) of some of the most valuable real estate in the world in explicit recognition of the personhood attachments of those who died there that day

Relationship Between Opioid-Receptor Occupancy and Stimulation of Low- K m GTPase in Brain Membranes

Treatment of rat brain membranes with the irreversible opioid ligand cis -3-methylfentanylisothiocyanate (Superfit) was used to reduce gradually the number of available binding sites for the Δ-selective agonist [ 3 H][d-Ser 2 , Leu 5 lenkephalin-Thr 6 ([ 3 H]DSLET). Subsequently, the correlation between ligand binding and low- K m GTPase was investigated. Alkylation with 10 ΜM and 25 ΜM Superfit inactivated 66% and 71% of high-affinity ( K D , 1 n M ) binding sites without decreasing the affinity of the remaining sites and the stimulation of low-. K m GTPase by DSLET. Following exposure of the membranes to 50 ΜM and 75 ΜM Superfit, ligand binding was confined to the low-affinity ( K D , 20 n M ) sites. In these membranes, the Δ-agonists DSLET and [d-Pen 2 ,D-Pen 5 ]enkephalin still stimulated low- K m GTPase, and these effects were blocked by ICI 174864 ( N,N- diallyl-Tyr-AIB-AIB-Phe-Leu-OH; AIB, Α-aminoisobutyric acid), a Δ-selective antagonist. A similar relationship between low-affinity ligand binding and GTPase stimulation was observed following alkylation of the Δ-opioid receptor with the nonselective irreversible antagonist Β-chlomaltrexamine in the presence of protective concentrations of DSLET. The results reveal spare receptor sites in the coupling of the Δ-opioid receptor to low- K m GTPase in brain and identify low-affinity ligand binding as a functional component in the process.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65675/1/j.1471-4159.1989.tb01862.x.pd

Combining Epidemiologic Information Across Space Agencies

Space flight is a very unique occupational exposure with potential hazards that are not fully understood. A limited number of individuals have experienced the exposures incurred during space flight, and epidemiologic research would benefit from shared information across space agencies. However, data sharing can be problematic due to agency protection policies for personally identifiable information as well as medical records. Compliance with these protocols in the astronaut population is particularly difficult given the small, high-profile population under study. Creativity in combining data is necessary in order to overcome these difficulties and improve statistical power in research. This study presents methods in meta-analysis that may be used to combine non-attributable data across space agencies so that meaningful conclusions may be drawn about study interests. Methods for combining epidemiologic data across space agencies are presented, and the processes are demonstrated using life-time mortality data in U.S. astronauts and Russian cosmonauts. This proof of concept was found to be an acceptable way of sharing data across agencies, and will be used in the future as more relevant research interests are identified

Age-related changes to macrophages are detrimental to fracture healing in mice.

The elderly population suffers from higher rates of complications during fracture healing that result in increased morbidity and mortality. Inflammatory dysregulation is associated with increased age and is a contributing factor to the myriad of age-related diseases. Therefore, we investigated age-related changes to an important cellular regulator of inflammation, the macrophage, and the impact on fracture healing outcomes. We demonstrated that old mice (24 months) have delayed fracture healing with significantly less bone and more cartilage compared to young mice (3 months). The quantity of infiltrating macrophages into the fracture callus was similar in old and young mice. However, RNA-seq analysis demonstrated distinct differences in the transcriptomes of macrophages derived from the fracture callus of old and young mice, with an up-regulation of M1/pro-inflammatory genes in macrophages from old mice as well as dysregulation of other immune-related genes. Preventing infiltration of the fracture site by macrophages in old mice improved healing outcomes, with significantly more bone in the calluses of treated mice compared to age-matched controls. After preventing infiltration by macrophages, the macrophages remaining within the fracture callus were collected and examined via RNA-seq analysis, and their transcriptome resembled macrophages from young calluses. Taken together, infiltrating macrophages from old mice demonstrate detrimental age-related changes, and depleting infiltrating macrophages can improve fracture healing in old mice