The construction of a vocabulary test for the intermediate grades,

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston Universit

Association between prediabetes diagnosis and body mass index trajectory of overweight and obese adolescents

BackgroundPrediabetes awareness in adults has been associated with improved weight management. Whether youth with prediabetes diagnosis experience similar improvements is unknown.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between prediabetes identification and body mass index (BMI) trajectory in overweight and obese adolescents.SubjectsYouth who were followed longitudinally in a large academic‐affiliated primary care network and who were overweight/obese while 10 to 18 years old.MethodsRetrospective cohort study. Subjects were categorized as “screened” if at least 1 hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) result was available. Time series analysis was used to determine the difference in difference (DID) in BMI Z‐score (BMI‐Z) slope before and after HbA1c between: (a) screened youth found to have prediabetes‐range HbA1c (5.7%‐6.4%, 39‐46 mmol/mol) versus normal HbA1c and (b) screened versus age‐matched unscreened obese youth.ResultsA total of 4184 (55.6% female) screened subjects (median follow‐up 9.7 years) were included. In which, 637 (15.2%) had prediabetes‐range HbA1c. Prediabetes was associated with a greater decrease in BMI‐Z slope than normal HbA1c (DID: −0.023/year [95% CI: −0.042 to −0.004]). When compared to age‐matched unscreened subjects (n = 2087), screened subjects (n = 2815) experienced a greater decrease in BMI‐Z slope after HbA1c than unscreened subjects at a matched age (DID: −0.031/y [95% CI ‐0.042 to −0.021]).ConclusionsBMI‐Z trajectory improved more among youth with prediabetes‐range HbA1c but also stabilized in screened youth overall. Prospective studies are needed to identify provider‐ and patient‐level drivers of this observation.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156184/2/pedi13028.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156184/1/pedi13028_am.pd

Expressions 2000

https://openspace.dmacc.edu/expressions/1019/thumbnail.jp

The Vehicle, December 1959, Vol. 1 no. 5

Vol. 1, No. 5 Table of Contents To The Readerpage 2 JudyRobert Mills Frenchpage 3 The FarmerRobert C. Millerpage 5 Bah! Humbug!The Skepticpage 5 Looking BackwardThe Optimistpage 7 Strangers in the TownAl Brookspage 7 Not Once OnlyA.B. Carterpage 8 OlogyRon Kellypage 8 SnowJean Nightingalepage 8 Moment of PowerJ.B. Youngpage 9 LifeRobert C. Millerpage 13 The Restless SeaRhonda McGowanpage 14 Approaching of the YuleRoger Perkinspage 14 The Old ModelMary Ellen Mockbeepage 15 \u27Tis the SeasonR.M.F.page 15 The Spirit of ChristmasKathleen Ferreepage 16 Christmas in the HeartKathleen Ferreepage 16 That\u27s BoysKathleen Ferreepage 16https://thekeep.eiu.edu/vehicle/1001/thumbnail.jp

The Vehicle, December 1959, Vol. 1 no. 5

Vol. 1, No. 5 Table of Contents To The Readerpage 2 JudyRobert Mills Frenchpage 3 The FarmerRobert C. Millerpage 5 Bah! Humbug!The Skepticpage 5 Looking BackwardThe Optimistpage 7 Strangers in the TownAl Brookspage 7 Not Once OnlyA.B. Carterpage 8 OlogyRon Kellypage 8 SnowJean Nightingalepage 8 Moment of PowerJ.B. Youngpage 9 LifeRobert C. Millerpage 13 The Restless SeaRhonda McGowanpage 14 Approaching of the YuleRoger Perkinspage 14 The Old ModelMary Ellen Mockbeepage 15 \u27Tis the SeasonR.M.F.page 15 The Spirit of ChristmasKathleen Ferreepage 16 Christmas in the HeartKathleen Ferreepage 16 That\u27s BoysKathleen Ferreepage 16https://thekeep.eiu.edu/vehicle/1001/thumbnail.jp

The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics

In May 2019, the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) convened a panel of nutritionists, physiologists and microbiologists to review the definition and scope of synbiotics. The panel updated the definition of a synbiotic to “a mixture comprising live microorganisms and substrate(s) selectively utilized by host microorganisms that confers a health benefit on the host”. The panel concluded that defining synbiotics as simply a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics could suppress the innovation of synbiotics that are designed to function cooperatively. Requiring that each component must meet the evidence and dose requirements for probiotics and prebiotics individually could also present an obstacle. Rather, the panel clarified that a complementary synbiotic, which has not been designed so that its component parts function cooperatively, must be composed of a probiotic plus a prebiotic, whereas a synergistic synbiotic does not need to be so. A synergistic synbiotic is a synbiotic for which the substrate is designed to be selectively utilized by the co-administered microorganisms. This Consensus Statement further explores the levels of evidence (existing and required), safety, effects upon targets and implications for stakeholders of the synbiotic concept

Antihyperlipidemic effects of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushrooms) in HIV-infected individuals taking antiretroviral therapy

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Antiretroviral treatment (ART) regimens in HIV patients commonly cause significant lipid elevations, including increases in both triglycerides and cholesterol. Standard treatments for hypercholesterolemia include the HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, or "statins." Because many ART agents and statins share a common metabolic pathway that uses the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, coadministration of ART with statins could increase statin plasma levels significantly. The oyster mushroom, <it>Pleurotus ostreatus</it>, has been shown in animal models to decrease lipid levels - a finding that has been supported by preliminary data in a small human trial.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To assess the safety and efficacy of <it>P. ostreatus </it>in patients with HIV and ART-induced hyperlipidemia, a single-arm, open-label, proof-of-concept study of 8 weeks' duration with a target enrollment of 20 subjects was conducted. Study patients with ART-induced elevated non-HDL cholesterol levels (> 160 mg/dL) were enrolled. Participants received packets of freeze-dried <it>P. ostreatus </it>(15 gm/day) to be administered orally for the 8 week trial period. Lipid levels were drawn every two weeks to assess efficacy. Safety assessments included self-reported incidence of muscle aches and measurement of liver and muscle enzymes. Mean within-person change in lipid levels were estimated using generalized estimating equations to account for repeated observations on individuals. A 30 mg/dL decrease in non-HDL cholesterol was deemed clinically significant.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>126 patients were screened to enroll 25, of which 20 completed the 8-week study. The mean age was 46.4 years (36-60). Patients had a mean 13.7 yrs of HIV infection. Mean non-HDL cholesterol was 204.5 mg/dL at day 0 and 200.2 mg/dL at day 56 (mean within-person change = -1.70; 95% confidence interval (CI) = -17.4, 14.0). HDL cholesterol levels increased from 37.8 mg/dL at day 0 to 40.4 mg/dL on day 56 (mean within-person change = 2.6; 95% CI = -0.1, 5.2). Triglycerides dropped from 336.4 mg/dL on day 0 to 273.4 mg/dL on day 56 (mean within-person change = -63.0; 95% CI = -120.9, -5.1). Only 3 individuals achieved a sustained clinically significant (30 mg/dL) decline in non-HDL cholesterol after 8 weeks of therapy. There were no adverse experiences reported other than patients' distaste for the preparation. Liver function tests and muscle enzymes were not affected by the 8 weeks of treatment.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p><it>Pleurotus ostreatus </it>as administered in this experiment did not lower non-HDL cholesterol in HIV patients with ART-induced hypercholesterolemia. Small changes in HDL and triglycerides were not of a clinical magnitude to warrant further study.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00069524">NCT00069524</a></p

Altered inflammasome activation in neonatal encephalopathy persists in childhood

Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is characterized by altered neurological function in term infants and inflammation plays an important pathophysiological role. Inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-1ra and IL-18 are activated by the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-, leucine-rich repeat domain (LRR)- and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome; furthermore, we aimed to examine the role of the inflammasome multiprotein complex involved in proinflammatory responses from the newborn period to childhood in NE. Cytokine concentrations were measured by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in neonates and children with NE in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin. We then investigated expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome genes, NLRP3, IL-1 beta and ASC by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serum samples from 40 NE patients at days 1 and 3 of the first week of life and in 37 patients at age 4-7 years were analysed. An increase in serum IL-1ra and IL-18 in neonates with NE on days 1 and 3 was observed compared to neonatal controls. IL-1ra in NE was decreased to normal levels at school age, whereas serum IL-18 in NE was even higher at school age compared to school age controls and NE in the first week of life. Percentage of LPS response was higher in newborns compared to school-age NE. NLRP3 and IL-1 beta gene expression were up-regulated in the presence of LPS in NE neonates and NLRP3 gene expression remained up-regulated at school age in NE patients compared to controls. Increased inflammasome activation in the first day of life in NE persists in childhood, and may increase the window for therapeutic intervention