Long Term Evolution-Advanced and Future Machine-to-Machine Communication

Long Term Evolution (LTE) has adopted Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) as the downlink and uplink transmission schemes respectively. Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning is one of the primary objectives of wireless network operators. In LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), several additional new features such as Carrier Aggregation (CA) and Relay Nodes (RNs) have been introduced by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). These features have been designed to deal with the ever increasing demands for higher data rates and spectral efficiency. The RN is a low power and low cost device designed for extending the coverage and enhancing spectral efficiency, especially at the cell edge. Wireless networks are facing a new challenge emerging on the horizon, the expected surge of the Machine-to-Machine (M2M) traffic in cellular and mobile networks. The costs and sizes of the M2M devices with integrated sensors, network interfaces and enhanced power capabilities have decreased significantly in recent years. Therefore, it is anticipated that M2M devices might outnumber conventional mobile devices in the near future. 3GPP standards like LTE-A have primarily been developed for broadband data services with mobility support. However, M2M applications are mostly based on narrowband traffic. These standards may not achieve overall spectrum and cost efficiency if they are utilized for serving the M2M applications. The main goal of this thesis is to take the advantage of the low cost, low power and small size of RNs for integrating M2M traffic into LTE-A networks. A new RN design is presented for aggregating and multiplexing M2M traffic at the RN before transmission over the air interface (Un interface) to the base station called eNodeB. The data packets of the M2M devices are sent to the RN over the Uu interface. Packets from different devices are aggregated at the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer of the Donor eNodeB (DeNB) into a single large IP packet instead of several small IP packets. Therefore, the amount of overhead data can be significantly reduced. The proposed concept has been developed in the LTE-A network simulator to illustrate the benefits and advantages of the M2M traffic aggregation and multiplexing at the RN. The potential gains of RNs such as coverage enhancement, multiplexing gain, end-to-end delay performance etc. are illustrated with help of simulation results. The results indicate that the proposed concept improves the performance of the LTE-A network with M2M traffic. The adverse impact of M2M traffic on regular LTE-A traffic such as voice and file transfer is minimized. Furthermore, the cell edge throughput and QoS performance are enhanced. Moreover, the results are validated with the help of an analytical model

\u3cem\u3eSalvadora persica, Tamarix aphylla\u3c/em\u3e and \u3cem\u3eZizyphus mauritiana\u3c/em\u3e: Three Woody Plant Species Mentioned in Holy Quran and Ahadith, and their Ethnobotanical Uses in North Western Part (D. I. Khan) of Pakistan

The present research work is based on three woody plant species: Salvadora persica, L. Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. and Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. mentioned in the 16th Ayat of Sura Saba in Holy Quran and Ahadith. These plants were collected from Dera Ismail Khan District, NWFP, Pakistan, during 2007. This is a part of check list of medicinal flora and their uses enlisted in Holy Quran, Ahadith and Islamic literature. The main aim of this study is to document the knowledge of ethnobotanical importance of these plants in the light of Islam. In view of the importance of this study related comprehensive and detailed data was collected. Complete macro and microscopic detailed morphological features of these species were discussed. Results were systematically arranged by alphabetic order of botanical names, family followed by Quranic name, Arabic name, English name, Local / Vernicular name, habit and distribution, parts used, medicinal uses and references cited from Holy Quran, Ahadith. It is concluded that herbal medicines are being widely used in the world because of better cultural acceptability, least injurious with none or much reduced side effects

Ethnomedicinal Study of Vegetables Mentioned in the Holy Qura’n and Ahadith

The present research work is based on nine herbaceous plant species: Agaricus campestris L., Allium cepa L., Allium sativum L., Beta vulgaris L., Citrulus lennatus, Cucumis sativus L., Lagenaria siceraria, Trigonella foenum- graceum L. and Zingiber officinale Rroscoe. mentioned in Holy Quran and Ahadith. These plants were collected from Dera Ismail Khan District, NWFP, Pakistan, during 2007. This is a part of check list of medicinal flora and their uses enlisted in Holy Quran, Ahadith and Islamic literature. The main aim of this study is to document the knowledge of ethnobotanical importance of vegetables in the light of Islam. In view of the importance of this study related comprehensive and detailed data was collected. Complete macro & microscopic detailed morphological features of these species were discussed. Results were systematically arranged by alphabetic order of botanical names, family followed by Quranic name, Arabic name, English name, Local / vernicular name, habit and distribution, parts used, medicinal uses and references cited from Holy Quran, Ahadith. It is concluded that herbal medicines are being widely used in the world because of better cultural acceptability, least injurious with none or much reduced side effects

A Gauge field Induced by the Global Gauge Invariance of Action Integral

As a general rule, it is considered that the global gauge invariance of an action integral does not cause the occurrence of gauge field. However, in this paper we demonstrate that when the so-called localized assumption is excluded, the gauge field will be induced by the global gauge invariance of the action integral. An example is given to support this conclusion.Comment: 13 pages. Some typing errors are corrected and the format is update

Aquatic Plants of District Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan

In this taxonomic account 18 aquatic plants, which are reported for the first time from Dera Ismail Khan District are presented. The species were Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) DC., Azolla pinnata R. Br., Bacopa moneiri (Linn.) Pennell., Ceratophyllum demersum Linn., Eleocharis palustris (Linn.) R. Brown., Hydrilla verticillata Royle., Marselia quadrifolia Linn., Nelumbium nelumbo (Linn.) Druce., Nymphoide cristata Roxb.) O.Ketze., Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin., Pistia stratiotes Linn., Polygonum barbatum Linn; Polygonum flaccidum Meissn., Potammogeton crispus Linn., Potamogeton nodosus Poiret, Spirodela polyrrhiza (Linn.) Schield, Typha domenginsis Pers., Typha elephantia Roxb

THE EPIDEMIC OF OBESITY, ITS CAUSATIVE FACTORS, PREVENTION AND CONTROL (A REVIEW STUDY FOCUSING FEMALE AND CHILDREN)

A number of factors, including societal, environmental, professional and behavioral, tend to promote the present trend of the masses towards sedentary lifestyle and its allied prevalence of obesity. Need of the hour is to address the obesity related issued accordingly to control the situation. Overweight and obesity have emerged as one of the most important global health problems. The prevalence of the menace of obesity has posed viable threat to the public of the masses in developed and developing societies. In global perspectives there are more than one billion people who have been overweight and among them, three hundred million are categorized as obese. The graph of the prevalence of overweight and obesity has been on rise. Consistent imbalance between the consumption and expenditure of the energy results in the establishment of overweight and obesity. Exercise and physical activities provide one of the most feasible and efficient way for the use of extra energy of the body. To address the epidemic of obesity, the strategy of intervention of dietary restriction in combination with the physical activities is vital in the prevention and control of the obesity.Â

THE EPIDEMIC OF OBESITY, ITS CAUSATIVE FACTORS, PREVENTION AND CONTROL (A REVIEW STUDY FOCUSING FEMALE AND CHILDREN)

A number of factors, including societal, environmental, professional and behavioral, tend to promote the present trend of the masses towards sedentary lifestyle and its allied prevalence of obesity. Need of the hour is to address the obesity related issued accordingly to control the situation. Overweight and obesity have emerged as one of the most important global health problems. The prevalence of the menace of obesity has posed viable threat to the public of the masses in developed and developing societies. In global perspectives there are more than one billion people who have been overweight and among them, three hundred million are categorized as obese. The graph of the prevalence of overweight and obesity has been on rise. Consistent imbalance between the consumption and expenditure of the energy results in the establishment of overweight and obesity. Exercise and physical activities provide one of the most feasible and efficient way for the use of extra energy of the body. To address the epidemic of obesity, the strategy of intervention of dietary restriction in combination with the physical activities is vital in the prevention and control of the obesity.

Symptom Outcome of Walant Technique for Carpal Tunnel Release – A Prospective Study in the Tertiary Care Hospital, Nowshera

OBJECTIVES The study aims to determine the outcome of the WALANT technique for Carpal Tunnel Release CTR.METHODOLOGY A descriptive study was done in the Neurosurgery department at Qazi Hussain Ahmad Medical Complex, Nowshera, from 15th September 2020 to 15th March 2021. A total of 29 consecutive patients of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) were undergoing carpal tunnel release (CTR) under wide awake local anaesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) technique, using a mixture of lidocaine and epinephrine for local anaesthesia, and the outcome was assessed for patient satisfaction by Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) (symptom severity scales (SSS)) at pre-operatively and six weeks postoperatively.RESULTSWide awake CTR was done in 29 patients; 86.2% were female and 13.8% male. The mean age was 47.3 years. The average time of return to daily activity was three weeks. No complications were noted, like wound infection and dehiscence. BCTQ symptom (BCTQ-S) score significantly improved at six weeks postoperatively. 86% significantly reduced the symptom severity score (SSS). Mean SSS improved from preoperative 3.2 points to 1.7 points postoperatively. There was a significant decrease in distal latencies (p <0.01).   CONCLUSIONWide awake surgery is an excellent technique with favourable outcomes and good satisfaction rates for CTR. The study shows that clinical symptoms resolve rapidly after CTR. Without the need for monitored anaesthesia, the cost could decrease dramatically

Blending Old and New Teaching Methods and Tools in Medical Education

OBJECTIVES To identify a preference for current teaching methods and use new teaching aids through feedback by medical students and teachers of first and second-year MBBS. METHODOLOGY This cross-sectional study was conducted on 91 MBBS students and teachers of Nowshera Medical College (NMC), Nowshera. Both male and female students and teachers of NMC of class first and second-year MBBS participated in the study. A feedback proforma-based questionnaire was filled out by all the participants online using Google forms. Participants were given the option to select more than one option in the case of the mode of teaching and tool of teaching. The data was collected, analyzed and presented in tabular and graphical forms using SPSS version 23. RESULTS Out of the 91 participants who responded to our research, 45 (49.5%) were males, and 46(50.5%) were female. The majority, 74 (81.3%), were MBBS students, while 17(18.7%) were MBBS teachers. Most of the participants selected more than one option. Most 48(52.7%) of the participants preferred lectures as the mode of delivery while 35(38.4%) opted for SGD, for demonstrations 14(15.3%), PBL 33(36.2%), assignments 13(14.2%0 and notes opted by 4(4.39%). 60.4% (55) were selected to use whiteboards and markers. Only 15.3% (14) were in favour of Powerpoint use, dissection 25(27.4%), models 29(31.86%), and figures 11(12%). CONCLUSION Lectures remain the most preferred teaching method in basic medical sciences among teachers and students, along with other teaching methods. Multiple teaching tools must be used during the class instead of solely depending on Powerpoint presentations