Комплексная терапия интраоперационной кровопотери при реконструкции костей таза

Objective: to introduce blood saving technologies and to develop algorithms for management of patients with pelvic fractures. Subjects and methods. Sixty patients aged 40.6±2.3 years with pelvic fractures were examined. The banking of packed autoerythrocytes and auto freshly frozen plasma (AutoFFP), intraoperative acute hypervolemic hemodilution (AHH), and instrumental reinfusion of washed autoerythrocytes were made in all the patients. Blood loss volume averaged 32.1±1.7 ml/kg. The parameters of central hemodynamics (CH), blood oxygen-transport function, the blood system (red blood cells, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and platelets) were studied. AutoFFP was transfused in the most traumatic period of surgery, autoblood was on completion of surgical hemostasis, and washed autoerythrocytes were within 3—4 hours after surgery. Postoperative reductions in hemoglobin to below 80 g/l and packed cell volume below 25% are indications for packed autoerythrocyte transfusion. Results. During preoperative autoblood banking, the parameters of CH and the blood system underwent no changes, all variations in the parameters were within the normal range and compensatory. When AHH and instrumental washed erythrocyte reinfusion were conducted, there was a significant increase in cardiac index (CI), stroke index by 37 and 30%, respectively; reductions in total peripheral vascular resistance index by 38%, mean blood pressure by 18%, moderate hypercoagulation, and significant decreases in hemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cells by 17, 15, and 18%, respectively. The values of acid-base condition and homeostasis underwent no considerable changes. Arterial blood O2 content was significantly lowered by 16%; however, global O2 uptake remained unchanged at the baseline levels due to the increase of CI by 30% of the baseline level. Conclusion. The application of blood saving technologies, preoperative autoblood banking in particular, AHH, and instrumental washed autoerythrocyte reinfusion allowed a refusal to use allo-geneic blood components during pelvic repair, by preventing the development of hemotransfusion complications. Key words: blood loss, blood saving, packed autoerythrocytes, auto freshly frozen plasma, acute hypervolemic  hemodilution, autohemotransfusion, instrumental washed autoerythrocyte reinfusion, spinal epidural anesthesia.Цель исследования . Внедрение кровесберегающих технологий и разработка алгоритмов ведения пациентов с переломами костей таза. Материал и методы. Обследовали 60 больных с переломами костей таза в возрасте 40,6±2,3 лет. Всем больным проводились методика предоперационной заготовки аутоэритроцитарной массы и аутосвежезаморо-женной плазмы(АутоСЗП), интраоперационная острая гиперволемическая гемодилюция (ОИГ), аппаратная реинфу-зия отмытых аутоэритроцитов. Объем кровопотери в среднем составил 32,1±1,7 мл/кг. Исследовали: показатели центральной гемодинамики (ЦГ), кислородотранспортной функции крови (КТФК), системы крови — эритроциты, гемоглобин, гематокрит, тромбоциты. АутоСЗП переливалась в наиболее травматичный период операции, аутокровь — по окончании хирургического гемостаза, отмытые аутоэритроциты — в течение 3—4 часов после операции. Показаниями для переливания аутоэритромассы — снижение гемоглобина менее 80 г/л и гематокрита менее 25% в послеоперационном периоде. Результаты. При предоперационной заготовке аутокрови параметры ЦГ, системы крови существенных изменений не претерпевали, все колебания параметров были в пределах нормы и носили компенсаторный характер. При проведении ОГГ и аппаратной реинфузии отмытых эритроцитов выявили достоверное увеличение сердечного индекса (СИ), ударного индекса (УИ) на 37 и 30%, соответственно, снижение индекса общего периферического сосудистого сопротивления (ИОПСС) на 38%, снижение среднего артериального давления (АД ср.) на 18%, умеренную гиперкоагуляцию, достоверное снижение гемоглобина, гематокрита, эритроцитов на 17, 15, 18% соответственно. Показатели кислотно-основного состояния (КОС) и гомеостаза существенных изменений не претерпевали. Достоверно снижалось содержание О2 в артериальной крови на 16%, однако общее потребление О2 остается на исходном уровне за счет увеличения СИ на 30% от исходного уровня. Заключение. Применение кровесберегающих технологий, в частности, предоперационной заготовки аутокрови, ОИГ и аппаратной реинфузии отмытых аутоэритроци-тов позволило отказаться от использования компонентов аллогенной крови при реконструкции костей таза, предотвращая развитие гемотрансфузионных осложнений. Ключевые слова: кровопотеря, кровесбережение, аутоэ-ритромасса, аутоСЗП, ОИГ и аутогемотрансфузия, аппаратная реинфузия отмытых аутоэритроцитов, спинально-эпидуральная анестезия

БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ СМЕШАННОГО ИСКУССТВЕННОГО ПИТАНИЯ У ПОСТРАДАВШИХ С ТЯЖЕЛОЙ СОЧЕТАННОЙ ЧЕРЕПНО- МОЗГОВОЙ ТРАВМОЙ

ABSTRACT. Early initiation of artificial nutrition is one of the important components of intensive care for those affected with SMCT. The priority is given to enteral nutrition (EN). Parenteral nutrition (PN) is indicated in order to cover estimated needs in various substrates when EN cannot be performed or is inadequate. However, it must be taken into account that in addition to positive effects, PN may be followed by a number of complications: hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, impaired pulmonary function, increased thrombogenesis..PURPOSE OF THE STUDY. To assess the safety of PN, used as a component of mixed artificial nutrition in victims with SMCT.MATERIAL AND METHODS. Twenty patients with SMCT, conscious state up to GCS 6-13 and severity of the condition ISS 30-55 upon admission were examined. The age of victims was 40.2±13.1 years, the ratio of men/women was 17/3. All the victims had the diagnosis of brain contusion. In 9 patients, acute subdural hematomas were revealed. They underwent decompressive craniotomy and hematoma removal. The energy consumption was calculated using the Harris-Benedict equation with correction coefficients and indirect calorimetry (IC) method. IC was performed 24 hours a day also calculating respiratory coefficient. Nitrogen balance was studied to assess the severity of hypercatabolism. Enteral nutrition was initiated in all victims starting from day 2 after the injury. In connection with the impossibility of complete compensation of protein-energy requirements by EN, on day 8.8±1.3, PN was added. A three-component mixture of Nutriflex Lipid 70/180 (B. Braun, Germany), 625 ml was used. The concentration of triglycerides (TG) and glucose in venous blood plasma was assessed daily, as well as the ratio of oxygen tension in the arterial blood to the oxygen fraction in the inhaled mixture (PaO2 /FiO2 ).RESULTS. All patients had hypercatabolism prior to initiation of mixed artificial nutrition, and its severity lowered when mixed artificial nutrition was initiated (on day 3 of artificial nutrition in 11 patients, on day 5 in 3 patients and by day 7 in 6 patients). The introduction of PN “three in one” mixture was accompanied by a slight increase in the concentration of TG 2 hours after the start of the infusion and did not affect the dynamics of pulmonary gas exchange. The introduction of PN was accompanied by the development of hyperglycemia. The increase of glucose in venous blood serum was noted 2 and 12 hours after the onset of PN.CONCLUSION. Mixed artificial nutrition in patients with severe multisystem craniocerebral trauma does not lead to the development of hypertriglyceridemia and violation of pulmonary gas exchange and allows to achieve nutritional therapy goals.РЕЗЮМЕ. Одним из важных компонентов интенсивной терапии пострадавших с сочетанной черепно-мозговой травмой (СЧМТ) является раннее начало искусственного питания (ИП). Приоритетным является энтеральное питание (ЭП). Парентеральное питание (ПП) показано при невозможности или недостаточности ЭП для покрытия расчетных потребностей в различных субстратах. Однако необходимо учитывать, что помимо положительных эффектов, проведение ПП может сопровождаться рядом осложнений: гипергликемией, гипертриглицеридемией, нарушением легочной функции, усилением тромбообразования.ЦЕЛЬ. Оценить безопасность ПП, применяемого в составе смешанного ИП, у пострадавших с СЧМТ.МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ. Обследованы 20 пострадавших с СЧМТ с угнетением уровня бодрствования до 6–13 баллов по шкале комы Глазго и тяжестью состояния по шкале тяжести сочетанной травмы ISS 30–55 баллов при поступлении в стационар. Возраст пострадавших составил 40,2±13,1 года, отношение мужчины/женщины — 17/3. У всех пострадавших был установлен диагноз ушиба головного мозга. У 9 больных выявлены острые субдуральные гематомы, в связи с чем им были выполнены декомпрессивная краниотомия и удаление гематом. Расчет энергопотребности проводили при помощи уравнения Харриса–Бенедикта с поправочными коэффициентами и методом непрямой калориметрии (НК). НК осуществляли круглосуточно с определением дыхательного коэффициента. Для оценки выраженности гиперкатаболизма исследовали азотистый баланс. Всем пострадавшим со 2-х сут после получения травмы начинали ЭП. В связи с невозможностью полной компенсации белково-энергетических потребностей при помощи ЭП на 8,8±1,3 сут было добавлено ПП. Для ПП использовали инфузию трехкомпонентной смеси Нутрифлекс Липид 70/180 (В.Braun, Германия), объемом 625 мл (1 раз в сут). Ежедневно определяли концентрацию триглицеридов (ТГ) и глюкозы в плазме венозной крови, а также отношение напряжения кислорода в артериальной крови к фракции кислорода во вдыхаемой смеси (PaO2 /FiO2).РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. У всех пациентов до начала проведения смешанного ИП отмечали наличие гиперкатаболизма, выраженность которого на фоне проведения смешанного ИП снижалась: у 11 пострадавших с 3-х сут от его начала, у 3 пострадавших — с 5-х сут, а у 6 — к 7-м сут после его начала. Введение ПП «три в одном» сопровождалось незначительным увеличением концентрации ТГ через 2 ч после начала инфузии и не оказывало влияния на динамику состояния легочного газообмена. Введение ПП сопровождалось развитием гипергликемии. Повышение уровня глюкозы в сыворотке венозной крови отмечали через 2 ч и через 12 ч после начала ПП.ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Проведение смешанного ИП пострадавшим с тяжелой СЧМТ не приводит к развитию гипертриглицеридемии и нарушению легочного газообмена и позволяет достичь целей нутритивной терапии

ТЯЖЕЛАЯ СОЧЕТАННАЯ ЧЕРЕПНО-МОЗГОВАЯ ТРАВМА: ОСОБЕННОСТИ КЛИНИЧЕСКОГО ТЕЧЕНИЯ И ИСХОДЫ

Severe multisystem craniocerebral injury (smcci) is characterized by long-term disability and high lethal rates. Objective: analysis of smcci, features of its clinical course and lethality, including the main causes and terms of death. Materials and methods. An analysis of 170 case histories of the deceased with smcci was carried out: 130 men (76.5%) and 40 women (23.5%). The average age is 43.3±17.5 years. Victims were divided into groups, depending on the combination of head trauma with injuries to other anatomical areas of the body. The analysis of lethality, including the main causes and terms of lethal outcomes, was conducted. Depending on the main causes of death, all the deceased were divided into five groups: massive blood loss and shock, edema and dislocation of the brain, infectious pulmonary complications, purulent intoxication and others. Depending on the terms of death, the victims were divided into four subgroups: i — up to 24 hours, ii — from 1 to 3 days, iii — from 3 to 10 days, and iv — more than 10 days. The severity of the damage was assessed according to the injury severity score (iss), the level of consciousness was assessed according to the glasgow coma scale (gcs). The frequency of development of infectious complications and its relation to the terms of death was analyzed as well. Results. In the distribution of the victims, depending on the main causes of death, it was found that: in 41.2% (70) cases, the main cause of death was edema and dislocation of the brain; 25.3% (43) — massive blood loss and shock; 15.9% (27) had purulent intoxication, 12.9% (22) had infectious pulmonary complications and 4.7% (8) died due to other causes. The number of patients who died on the first day was 62 (36.5%), while 35 victims (56.5%) died within the first 3 hours after admission. On the third day, 24 patients (14.1%) died, 37 patients (21.8%) died 3-10 days after admission, and 47 patients (27.6%) died later than 10 days after admission. There was a significant correlation between the severity of the trauma and the terms of death: spearman’s rank correlation coefficient = -0.637 (-0.718; -0.538), p<0.0001. A significant connection between the iss and the timing of death was indicated by the chi-square=99.495, degrees of freedom=9, p<0.0001 for the contingency table 4x4. A significant correlation between the development of the ipc and the terms of death was indicated by the analysis of the contingency table (2x4): chi-square=143.136 with degrees of freedom=3 and p<0.0001. Conclusion. In the general structure of smcci, victims with a combination of head and musculoskeletal injuries prevailed, the combination with a chest trauma was second, the combination with a trauma to the abdomen was third and the combination with a spinal injury was fourth. The main causes of death were edema and dislocation of the brain, massive hemorrhage and shock, infectious pulmonary complications, septic complications and others. The statistically significant relation was found between the trauma severity, the development of infectious complications, “main causes” on the one hand, and the terms of death on the other.Резюме. Тяжелая сочетанная черепно-мозговая травма (ТСЧМТ) характеризуется длительной утратой трудоспособности и высокой летальностью.Цель. Анализ ТСЧМТ, особенностей ее клинического течения и летальности, включая основные причины и сроки смертельных исходов.Материал и методы. Проведен анализ 170 историй болезни умерших с ТСЧМТ: 130 мужчин (76,5%) и 40 женщин (23,5%). Средний возраст пострадавших составил 43,3±17,5 года. Пострадавшие распределены по группам в зависимости от сочетания травмы головы с повреждениями других анатомических областей тела. Проведен анализ летальности, включая основные причины и сроки смертельных исходов. В зависимости от основных причин смерти все умершие были распределены на пять групп: массивная кровопотеря и шок, отек и дислокация головного мозга, инфекционные легочные осложнения (ИЛО), гнойная интоксикация и прочие. В зависимости от сроков смерти пострадавшие распределены на четыре подгруппы: I — до 24 ч, II — от 1 до 3 сут, III — от 3 до 10 сут и IV — свыше 10 сут. Оценка тяжести повреждений проводилась по Injury Severity Score (ISS), уровня сознания — по шкале комы Глазго. Анализировалась частота развития инфекционных осложнений и их связь со сроками смерти.Результаты. При распределении пострадавших в зависимости от основных причин смерти было выявлено, что у 41,2% (70 пациентов) основной причиной смерти явились отек и дислокация головного мозга, у 25,3% (43) — массивная кровопотеря и шок, у 15,9% (27) — гнойная интоксикация, у 12,9% (22) — ИЛО и у 4,7% пострадавших (8) смерть наступила от прочих причин. Число умерших в первые сутки составило 62 человека (36,5%), при этом 35 (56,5%) из них погибли в первые 3 ч от момента поступления. В 1-е–3-и сут погибли 24 пациента (14,1%), в срок от 3 до 10 сут — 37 (21,8%) и в срок свыше 10 сут — 47 пациентов (27,6%). Отмечается статистически значимая корреляция между тяжестью травмы и сроками смерти: коэффициент ранговой корреляции Спирмена составил -0,637 (-0,718; -0,538), р<0,0001. О статистически значимой связи между тяжестью повреждений по ISS и сроками смерти свидетельствует также тест Хи-квадрат, равный 99,495, количество степеней свободы 9, р<0,0001 для таблицы сопряженности 4х4. О статистически значимой зависимости между развитием ИЛО и сроками смерти свидетельствует анализ таблицы сопряженности 2х4: Хи-квадрат составил 143,136 при количестве степеней свободы 3 и р<0,0001.Заключение. Основными причинами смерти при ТСЧМТ явились: отек и дислокация головного мозга; массивная кровопотеря и шок; гнойно-септические осложнения; ИЛО и прочие. Выявлена статистически значимая связь между тяжестью травмы, развитием инфекционных осложнений, основными причинами смерти, с одной стороны, и сроками смертельных исходов с другой

Nurses' perceptions of aids and obstacles to the provision of optimal end of life care in ICU

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SAFETY OF MIXED ARTIFICIAL NUTRITION IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE MULTISYSTEM CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUM

ABSTRACT. Early initiation of artificial nutrition is one of the important components of intensive care for those affected with SMCT. The priority is given to enteral nutrition (EN). Parenteral nutrition (PN) is indicated in order to cover estimated needs in various substrates when EN cannot be performed or is inadequate. However, it must be taken into account that in addition to positive effects, PN may be followed by a number of complications: hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, impaired pulmonary function, increased thrombogenesis..PURPOSE OF THE STUDY. To assess the safety of PN, used as a component of mixed artificial nutrition in victims with SMCT.MATERIAL AND METHODS. Twenty patients with SMCT, conscious state up to GCS 6-13 and severity of the condition ISS 30-55 upon admission were examined. The age of victims was 40.2±13.1 years, the ratio of men/women was 17/3. All the victims had the diagnosis of brain contusion. In 9 patients, acute subdural hematomas were revealed. They underwent decompressive craniotomy and hematoma removal. The energy consumption was calculated using the Harris-Benedict equation with correction coefficients and indirect calorimetry (IC) method. IC was performed 24 hours a day also calculating respiratory coefficient. Nitrogen balance was studied to assess the severity of hypercatabolism. Enteral nutrition was initiated in all victims starting from day 2 after the injury. In connection with the impossibility of complete compensation of protein-energy requirements by EN, on day 8.8±1.3, PN was added. A three-component mixture of Nutriflex Lipid 70/180 (B. Braun, Germany), 625 ml was used. The concentration of triglycerides (TG) and glucose in venous blood plasma was assessed daily, as well as the ratio of oxygen tension in the arterial blood to the oxygen fraction in the inhaled mixture (PaO2 /FiO2 ).RESULTS. All patients had hypercatabolism prior to initiation of mixed artificial nutrition, and its severity lowered when mixed artificial nutrition was initiated (on day 3 of artificial nutrition in 11 patients, on day 5 in 3 patients and by day 7 in 6 patients). The introduction of PN “three in one” mixture was accompanied by a slight increase in the concentration of TG 2 hours after the start of the infusion and did not affect the dynamics of pulmonary gas exchange. The introduction of PN was accompanied by the development of hyperglycemia. The increase of glucose in venous blood serum was noted 2 and 12 hours after the onset of PN.CONCLUSION. Mixed artificial nutrition in patients with severe multisystem craniocerebral trauma does not lead to the development of hypertriglyceridemia and violation of pulmonary gas exchange and allows to achieve nutritional therapy goals

EVERE MULTISYSTEM CRANIOCEREBRAL INJURY: FEATURES OF THE CLINICAL COURSE AND OUTCOMES

Severe multisystem craniocerebral injury (smcci) is characterized by long-term disability and high lethal rates. Objective: analysis of smcci, features of its clinical course and lethality, including the main causes and terms of death. Materials and methods. An analysis of 170 case histories of the deceased with smcci was carried out: 130 men (76.5%) and 40 women (23.5%). The average age is 43.3±17.5 years. Victims were divided into groups, depending on the combination of head trauma with injuries to other anatomical areas of the body. The analysis of lethality, including the main causes and terms of lethal outcomes, was conducted. Depending on the main causes of death, all the deceased were divided into five groups: massive blood loss and shock, edema and dislocation of the brain, infectious pulmonary complications, purulent intoxication and others. Depending on the terms of death, the victims were divided into four subgroups: i — up to 24 hours, ii — from 1 to 3 days, iii — from 3 to 10 days, and iv — more than 10 days. The severity of the damage was assessed according to the injury severity score (iss), the level of consciousness was assessed according to the glasgow coma scale (gcs). The frequency of development of infectious complications and its relation to the terms of death was analyzed as well. Results. In the distribution of the victims, depending on the main causes of death, it was found that: in 41.2% (70) cases, the main cause of death was edema and dislocation of the brain; 25.3% (43) — massive blood loss and shock; 15.9% (27) had purulent intoxication, 12.9% (22) had infectious pulmonary complications and 4.7% (8) died due to other causes. The number of patients who died on the first day was 62 (36.5%), while 35 victims (56.5%) died within the first 3 hours after admission. On the third day, 24 patients (14.1%) died, 37 patients (21.8%) died 3-10 days after admission, and 47 patients (27.6%) died later than 10 days after admission. There was a significant correlation between the severity of the trauma and the terms of death: spearman’s rank correlation coefficient = -0.637 (-0.718; -0.538), p<0.0001. A significant connection between the iss and the timing of death was indicated by the chi-square=99.495, degrees of freedom=9, p<0.0001 for the contingency table 4x4. A significant correlation between the development of the ipc and the terms of death was indicated by the analysis of the contingency table (2x4): chi-square=143.136 with degrees of freedom=3 and p<0.0001. Conclusion. In the general structure of smcci, victims with a combination of head and musculoskeletal injuries prevailed, the combination with a chest trauma was second, the combination with a trauma to the abdomen was third and the combination with a spinal injury was fourth. The main causes of death were edema and dislocation of the brain, massive hemorrhage and shock, infectious pulmonary complications, septic complications and others. The statistically significant relation was found between the trauma severity, the development of infectious complications, “main causes” on the one hand, and the terms of death on the other