チュウネンキ ノ チチオヤ ハハオヤ ト セイネンキ ノ ムスメ オヤコ ノ セイ ヤクワリ タイプ ト ソウゴセイ ニ ツイテ

This article first reviews the two primary theoretical models of adult development in the middle years, Erikson\u27s psychosocial developmental task model with concept of "generativity"and Bem\u27s androgyny model across the life span. On the basis of them, our exploratory study of middle-aged parents of adolescent daughters is presented and examined from mutuality of psychosocial perspectives using sex role variables. Erikson insisted that it must be difficult, though not possible, to achieve generativity, which is an integral component of the healthy adult personality, without the experience of parenting children. Some studies also reported that the largest sex role difference, traditional male-instrumental role versus female-expressive role, was observed during the earlier parenting stages while post parental males and females were more likely to identify cross-sex traits. Bem proposed her androgyny model and hypothesized that the androgyny trait was most adaptive in the society. In our study, sex types of middle-aged parents and that of adolescence were compared using the Bem Sex Role Inventory. The subjects of 76 parent-child pairs were classified into groups of androgyny, masculine, feminine and undifferentiated. Also the relation of parental behavior(rigidity, denial,intervention, submission, and inconsistency) to sex role type variables and the relationship between androgyny and psychological stability were examined. The results revealed that among parents, the percentage of androgyny was the highest, followed by masculinity, femininity, and undifferentiated while the percentage of femininity was the highest among adolescent daughters, followed by undifferentiated, masculinity and androgyny. Moreover, intervention and submission behaviors of parents were significantly related to sex role types while androgyny was not related to any of these parental behaviors. In addition, androgynous parents possessed relatively higher self-esteem and their anxiety were lower. on the other hand, anxiety among feminine adolescent daughters were low, but no self-esteem difference along the sex role dimensions was observed among adolescence

サマヨエル チュウネンキ カラ カガヤケル ロウネンキ ヘ エイチ ノ ヒト トハ

The combination of prolonged survival and reduced birth rate has changed Japan from a young society to an aging, even old, society.An increase in the survival rate means most people can look forward to a longer asulthood.Life is seen as progress through the stages of infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.Adulthood may be arbitrarily subdivided into early adulthood, middle adulthood and later adulthood.Many studies in later adulthood show that not all age-related changes after maturity involve decay or deterioration.Gains in some aspects of intelligence continue long in later adulthood.At first, researchers in psychology looked for a connection between creativity and intelligence.It soon become clear that a certain level of intelligence would be neccessary for creativity to flourish.There is no indication that age-related declines in creativity are the results of declines in cognitive, intelligence function.For one thing, sometimes, the peak of creative productivity takes places during later adulthood, in the sixties, seventies, or even later.Wisdom is also an aspect of cognition and intelligence that develops with age.An average older asult may not be wiser than an average younger adult, but profound wisdom is likely to develop among the old.Erikson(1982) saw wisdom as the peak of ego development.He proposed that wisdom developed in the old when they found meaning in life and accepted the immminence of their own death, successfuly resolving the conflict between integrity and despair.He also described slf-trancendence as another aspect of wisdom.Now, many personality theories incorporate the link between wisdom and personality.Erikson viewed middle adulthood as a period of both transition and crisis.According to Erikson(1950,1963), middle age is a time when social norms require that a person should be a productive, contributing member of society, and if an individual has a sense of productivity and contributes to what is socially expected, the individual will have a sense of generativity(intergenerational relations).However, if an individual feels he or she has not fulfilled role requirements, a sense of stangnation, which means a sense of crisis, can result.Some longitudinal studies conclude that evidence of personality stability throughout middle adulthood refledts ego-psychologocal development for successful aging