Identifikasi Gelatin dari Anjing Berdasarkan Profil Asam Amino dan Kemometrik

Gelatin adalah protein yang diperoleh dengan memanaskan kulit, tendon, ligamen, dan tulang dengan air. Gelatin banyak digunakan di beberapa produk makanan dan industri farmasi. Beberapa agama seperti Islam melarang pengikutnya mengkonsumsi produk makanan yang mengandung keturunan babi dan anjing, termasuk gelatin. Deteksi adanya kandungan nonhalal dalam produk pangan telah menjadi studi penting di banyak negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membedakan gelatin anjing dari kambing, sapi dan babi berdasarkan profil asam amino yang dikombinasikan dengan kemometrik dari komponen utama analisis (Principal Component Analysis/PCA). Pemisahan dan penentuan asam amino menggunakan liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lima kandungan asam amino tertinggi dalam gelatin anjing adalah asam glutamat, glisin, alanin, arginin, dan metionin. Parameter persentase tinggi puncak masing-masing asam amino dari masing-masing sampel dianalisis dengan PCA. Berdasarkan PC1 dan PC2, gelatin dari anjing, kambing, sapi, dan babi bisa dibedakan

Analytical Method Validation of Benzene Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Beverage Containing Sodium Benzoate and Ascorbic Acid

Several countries reported discovering benzene in beverages containing benzoic acid and ascorbic acid. Benzoic acid decarboxylation by ascorbic acid will form benzene. American Beverage Association (ABA) recommended the use of accelerated testing to test benzene in beverages. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is one of several methods to analyze benzene in a wide variety of samples, but there is no much information provided regarding the validation of analysis method of benzene. Therefore, developing analysis method of benzene and its validation becomes a current need. The HPLC system consists of Hitachi L-2130 pump, sample injector with 20 µL sample loop, and UV detector L-2420 operating at 205 nm. The analytical column is a LiChrosorb Phenomenex RP-18 (250 x 4 mm, 10 µm, 100 Ǻ), the mobile phase is acetonitrile:aquabidest (60:40 v/v) and pumped at a flow rate of 0,8 mL/min.Benzene separated from the matrix and follows the validation requirements. The developed analytical method showed that resolution was 8.37, r = 0.995 with LOD and LOQ 6.52 ppb and 19.75 ppb, with a precise of ≤11% and recovery of 80-110%. Accelerated testing indicated that benzene levels increased with increasing of the temperature. Beverages containing 400 mg/mL of ascorbic acid and benzoic acid formed benzene which was detected as 699.38 ppb at 25 oC, 799.61 ppb at 40 oC, and 808.94 ppb at 60 oC in 48 hours. In conclusion, the method was fully validated and can be utilized to analyze benzene in beverages with the accelerated testing at 60 oC in 48 hours, so that benefits the producers and consumers in the end

Formulasi Matriks Transdermal Pentagamavunon-0 dengan Kombinasi Polimer Pvp K30 dan Hidroksipropil Metilselulosa

Transdermal delivery system is one of the delivery system for Pentagamavunon-0 (PGV-0) to avoid the high intensity of first pass metabolism of PGV-0 in peroral route. The purpose of this research was to optimize the formula of PGV-0 transdermal matrix with a combination of PVP K30 and HPMC polymers.The simplex lattice optimization approach of the transdermal matrix formulas was performed by using Design Expert 7.1.5 software. The visual appearance, weight, thickness, moisture content, moisture uptake, folding endurance, drug content, and dissolution efficiency of the release profil of PGV-0 from the matrix for 6 hours were evaluated as responses to determine optimum formula of matrix. The result showed that a combination of PVP K30 and HPMC polymers had a significant influence on the visual appearance, moisture content, and dissolution efficiency of PGV-0. Combination of 1.98% of PVP K30 and 4.52% of HPMC as the optimum formula could produce homogeneous and flexible matrix with moisture content of 3.21%. The dissolution efficiency was 9.11%, indicating that 101.93 µg of PGV-0 was released from the optimum formula during 6 hours

Determination Of Alkaloid Content Of Ethanolic Extract Of Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis L. Flower

Kembang sepatu flower (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) was fractionally used as expectorant. Based on Bioassay Guided fractionation, an active fraction was separated, and the fraction was identified is Alkaloid was the major compound based on TLC analysis. Viscosity value measured by viscometer was used as a Bioassay model of expectorant activity in vitro and asetyl cysteine was used as positive control. Alkaloid content determination of the ethanolic extract was measured by TLC-Densitometric compared with standard curve of isolated alkaloid as the selected marker (Y=12.1360X+2901.4474). The alkaloid content in the ethanolic extract was determined as 2.35 ± 0.67 %

Pengaruh Medium Dissolusi Dan Penggunaan Sinker Terhadap Profil Disolusi Tablet Floating Aspirin

Disolusi merupakan faktor penting dalam pelepasan dan pengembangan sediaan obat. Selain sifat fisika kimia obat, formulasi, dan fabrikasi sediaan; kondisi uji disolusi juga mempengaruhi profil disolusi termasuk jenis medium dan model alat uji. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh medium disolusi dan penggunaan sinker terhadap profil disolusi tablet floating aspirin. Tablet dibuat dengan metode cetak langsung dengan bahan tambahan Methocel K4M CR, NaHCO3, Ethocel, Aerosil, dan dikalsium fosfat anhidrat. Tablet diuji disolusi menggunakan alat disolusi USP apparatus 2 dengan pengaduk dayung. Medium disolusi yang digunakan yaitu simulated gastric fluid (SGF) tanpa pepsin pH 1,2 dan HCl 0,1 N. Uji disolusi dengan SGF tanpa pepsin pH 1,2 dilakukan dengan dan tanpa sinker. Suhu percobaan 37 ± 0,5 °C dan kecepatan pengadukan 60 rpm. Cairan sampel diambil pada menit ke-15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, dan 480. Serapan sampel diukur dengan spektrofotometer UV pada λ 280 nm. Hasil uji disolusi menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan medium yaitu HCl 0,1 N dan SGF tidak mempengaruhi DE480, kinetika, dan mekanisme disolusi tablet floating aspirin. Penggunaan sinker pada medium SGF mempengaruhi DE480, kinetika, dan mekanisme disolusi. Kurva disolusi tablet floating aspirin pada medium HCl 0,1 N, SGF dengan dan tanpa sinker mengikuti kinetika orde I dan mekanisme disolusi menurut model Korsmeyer-Peppas, Weibull, Hopfenberg, dan Hixson-Crowell. Model Higuchi juga sesuai untuk profil disolusi tablet floating aspirin dalam medium SGF dengan sinker. Kata kunci: tablet floating aspirin, medium disolusi, sinker, profil disolusi ABSTRACK Dissolution is an important factor in the release and development of drug dosage form. In addition to physical and chemical properties of the drug, formulation, manufacturing process; the conditions of dissolution test also affect the profile of dissolution including the type of medium and test equipment models. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the dissolution medium and the use of sinker on dissolution profile of aspirin floating tablet. The tablets were made by direct compression method with Methocel K4M CR, NaHCO3, Ethocel, Aerosil, and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous as excipients. The in vitro dissolution study was determined using USP apparatus 2 (paddle method), 900 mL dissolution medium at 37 ± 0.2 °C and 60 rpm. The dissolution test using HCl 0.1 N and simulated gastric fluid (SGF) pH 1.2 as medium with and without a sinker. Aliquouts of 5 mL was taken out at intervals of 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, and 480 minutes. The samples were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 280 nm. The result indicated that the difference of medium (HCl 0.1 N and SGF pH 1.2) does not affect DE480, kinetics, and mechanism of dissolution. The use of sinker in SGF affects DE480, kinetics, and mechanism of dissolution. The profile of dissolution of aspirin floating tablets in 0.1 N HCl and SGF pH 1.2 (with and without sinker) follow first-order kinetics and mechanism of dissolution according to Korsmeyer-Peppas, Weibull, Hopfenberg, and Hixson-Crowell models. Higuchi model was also suitable for dissolution profile of aspirin floating tablet in the SGF pH 1.2 with sinker. Keywords: floating tablet of aspirin, medium of dissolution, sinker, profile of dissolutio

Validasi Metode HPLC Untuk Penetapan Aspirin Dan Asam Salisilat Dalam Plasma Kelinci (Lepus Curpaeums) Secara Simultan

Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug which also has the effect of antiplatelet for stroke prevention. Aspirin inside human body is very easy to break down into salicylic acid as the main metabolite. The aim of this study is to develop and validate the method for determinating aspirin and salicylic acid concentration in plasma by HPLC. Method validation including system suitability test, linearity test, determination of LOD and LOQ, recovery, accuracy and precision. Concentration of analytes in blood is measured by HPLC using benzoic acid as internal standard, with condition Purospher column Endcapped Star RP-18 (250 x 4.6 mm id, 5 m), acetonitrile : buffer phosphate 20 mM pH 2.5 (30:70 v/v) as mobile phase, injection volume 20 mL, flow rate 1.5 mL/minute, and UV-Vis detector λ 230 nm. The results showed that the proposed method meets the requirements of system suitability and good linearity (r > 0,990) with LOQ (aspirin = 0.024 mg/mL, salicylic acid = 0.336 mg/mL) and LOD (aspirin = 0.007 mg/mL, salicylic acid = 0.101 mg/mL). The method of analysis provides recovery of 85-115 %, accuracy and precision in accordance with the requirements for bioanalytical with CV < 5 %. Therefore, the proposed method is applicable to determine of aspirin and salicylic acid concentration in plasma

Inter-Individual Variability of Cytochrome P450 2A6 Activity in Javanese Smokers' Urine

Nicotine, the active compound on cigarette,was a compound that responsible to smoking addiction. Therate of nicotine metabolism is hypothesized to be a determinant of how much a person smokes. That is,rapid metabolizers would be expected to smoke more than slow metabolizers. Nicotine is metabolizedextensively by the liver enzyme cytochrome P450 2A6, primarily to cotinine. Cotinine then metabolizedby cytochrome P450 2A6 to 3'-hydroxycotinine. The ratio of metabolite to parent (i.e., 3OH-Cot/Cot)would be expected to reflect CYP2A6 activity. The ratio of 3OH-Cot/Cot in the 50 urine smokers wasmeasured by HPLC method with an C8 fully endcapped residual silanol-type column coupled and UVdetection with liquid-liquid extraction. All of the subject had been genotyped as CYP2A6*1/*4. Uponcompletion of the study, the CYP2A6 activity determined by ratio 3OH-Cot/Cot were between 0.01-0.93.There were 84% of subject identified as slow metabolizer and only 16% of subject identified as fastmetabolizer.The ratio of 3OH-Cot/Cot was positively correlated with the number of cigarettes smokedper day (r = 0.327, p = 0.020). This finding supports the hypothesis that the rate of nicotine metabolismis a determinant of the level of cigarette consumption and supports the use of the 3OH-Cot/Cot ratio asa non-invasive marker of nicotine metabolism